Computer Systems Experiences of Users with and Without Disabilities: An Evaluation Guide for Professionals

290 Pages·2013·15.585 MB·English

by  Simone Borsci

REHABILITATION B
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Computer Systems Experiences of Users u
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with and without Disabilities | F
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An Evaluation Guide for Professionals ic
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Computer Systems Experiences of Users with and without Disabilities:
An Evaluation Guide for Professionals offers a holistic approach to human–
C
computer interaction (HCI) assessment. o
m
p
By introducing an integrated model of interaction evaluation (IMIE) that u
t
investigates the complexity of the intrasystemic dialogue between person and e
r Simone Borsci
technology, this book provides industry professionals with the tools needed for S
y
success in evaluating the quality of interactive products. The book focuses on
s
t Masaaki Kurosu
the integration of the relationship between designers and evaluators and the e
m
involvement of disabled users in the assessment, and it helps guide readers to a
s
better understanding of what evaluations are, the complexity of an evaluation, E Forewords by Stefano Federici
x
and the importance of an assessment to the success of a product. p Constantine Stephanidis and
e Maria Laura Mele
r Esteban Levialdi
i
The book provides a historical and theoretical background of the management e
n
assessment data and the application of evaluation techniques and begins with c
e
an overview of the historical development of HCI and models of interaction s Computer Systems

evaluation. It presents the definitions of accessibility, usability, and user o
f

experience (UX) provided throughout the evolution in the field of HCI and U
explores the international rules of interaction and UX as a new and evolving se
r Experiences of
concept of HCI. s

w
i
Features: t
h
• Presents a set of the most common evaluation techniques and their a
Users with and
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use in the framework of the IMIE
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• Presents qualitative and quantitative methods of interaction analysis w
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• Discusses the application of interaction testing methods with samples of h
o without Disabilities
users with and without disability u
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This text includes extensive references at the end of each chapter to enhance i
s
a
additional study and is an ideal resource for designers, manufacturers, and
b
professionals of interaction assessment. il An Evaluation Guide
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K14823 e
s
for Professionals
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Computer Systems
Experiences of
Users with and
without Disabilities
An Evaluation Guide
for Professionals
Rehabilitation Science in Practice Series
Series Editors
Marcia J. Scherer, Ph.D. Dave Muller, Ph.D.
President Executive
Institute for Matching Person and Technology Suffolk New College
Professor Editor-in-Chief
Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Disability and Rehabilitation
University of Rochester Medical Center Founding Editor
Aphasiology

Published Titles
Assistive Technology Assessment Handbook, edited by Stefano Federici
and Marcia J. Scherer
Assistive Technology for Blindness and Low Vision, Roberto Manduchi
and Sri Kurniawan
Computer Access for People with Disabilities: A Human Factors Approach,
Richard C. Simpson
Computer Systems Experiences of Users with and without Disabilities:
An Evaluation Guide for Professionals, Simone Borsci, Maria Laura Mele,
Masaaki Kurosu, and Stefano Federici
Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation: From Impairment to Participation,
edited by Marcia Finlayson
Paediatric Rehabilitation Engineering: From Disability to Possibility,
edited by Tom Chau and Jillian Fairley
Quality of Life Technology Handbook, Richard Schultz
Forthcoming Titles
Ambient Assisted Living, Nuno M. Garcia, Joel Jose P. C. Rodrigues, Dirk Christian Elias,
and Miguel Sales Dias
Devices for Mobility and Manipulation for People with Reduced Abilities,
Teodiano Bastos-Filho, Dinesh Kumar, and Sridhar Poosapadi Arjunan
Neuroprosthetics: Principles and Applications, Justin C. Sanchez
Rehabilitation Goal Setting: Theory, Practice and Evidence, Richard Siegert
and William Levack
Computer Systems
Experiences of
Users with and
without Disabilities
An Evaluation Guide
for Professionals
Simone Borsci
Masaaki Kurosu
Stefano Federici
Maria Laura Mele
Forewords by
Constantine Stephanidis and
Esteban Levialdi
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Contents
Foreword by Constantine Stephanidis ......................................................................xi
Foreword by Esteban Levialdi ...............................................................................xiii
Preface......................................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................xxiii
Authors ...................................................................................................................xxv
Contributors .........................................................................................................xxvii
Chapter 1 Brief History of Human–Computer Interaction ...................................1
1.1 Historical Progress of Evaluation Models
in Human–Computer Interaction Science .............................1
1.1.1 First Period, from 1950 to 1963: The
Programmer Is the User ............................................3
1.1.2 Second Period, from 1963 to 1984: Evolution of
Human–Computer Interaction Models .....................5
1.1.3 Third Period, from 1984 to 1998: Personal
Computer and the Internet Era ........................................9
1.1.4 Fourth Period, from 1998 until Now: From
Interaction Standards to User Interface for All .........12
1.2 Political Movement and the Standards: Accessibility as
the First Pillar ......................................................................12
1.3 Usability and Design Philosophy: The Second and the
Third Pillars .........................................................................15
1.3.1 From a Fragmented Set of Usability Evaluation
Methods to the Need for a Unified Evaluation
Approach .................................................................23
1.3.2 Design Philosophy ...................................................28
1.4 Merging Design and Evaluation of Interaction:
An Integrated Model of Interaction Evaluation ...................33
Focus Sections of Chapter 1
Box 1.1 A Brief Introduction to the Visualization of Networked
Data Sets ..................................................................................6
Giuseppe Liotta
Box 1.2 From WCAG 1.0 to WCAG 2.0 ............................................16
Massimo Capponi
Box 1.3 GOMS Evaluation Technique ..............................................25
Simone Borsci and Maria Laura De Filippis
v
vi Contents
Box 1.4 ACCESS and AVANTI Project: International
Initiatives toward User Interface for All ...............................32
Maria Laura De Filippis and Simone Borsci
Chapter 2 Defining Usability, Accessibility, and User Experience ....................37
2.1 Introduction: Accessibility, Usability, and User
Experience in Human–Computer Interaction .....................37
2.2 Concept of Accessibility ......................................................39
2.3 Usability: From the Small to the Big Perspective ...............41
2.3.1 Usability: Toward a Unified Standard .....................43
2.4 Relationships and Differences between Accessibility
and Usability ........................................................................46
2.5 User Experience ...................................................................49
2.5.1 Steps of UX: From the Expectations of the
Users before Product Purchase to the Final
Impression of the Product .......................................52
2.6 Conclusion ...........................................................................54
Chapter 3 Why We Should Be Talking about Psychotechnologies for
Socialization, Not Just Websites.........................................................57
3.1 Introduction: The Psychotechnological Evolution ...............57
3.2 What Is Psychotechnology? .................................................58
3.3 From Artifacts to Psychotechnologies .................................66
3.4 Psychotechnologies for Socialization ..................................69
3.4.1 Studies on Personality Characteristics
Associated with Social Networking Sites ...............77
3.4.2 Studies on Social Networking Sites and
Identity Construction ...............................................78
3.5 Web 2.0: From a Network System to an Ecosystem ............81
3.6 Conclusion ...........................................................................87
Focus Sections of Chapter 3
Box 3.1 The Biopsychosocial Model and Reciprocal Triadic
Causation .............................................................................60
Stefano Federici and Fabio Meloni
Box 3.2 Positive Technology .............................................................71
Giuseppe Riva
Box 3.3 Mind, Body, and Sex in Cyberspace ....................................73
Stefano Federici
Box 3.4 Facebook Contribution to the 2011 Tunisian
Revolution: What Can Cyberpsychology Teach
Us about the Arab Spring Uprisings? ..................................85
Yousri Marzouki
Contents vii
Chapter 4 Equalizing the Relationship between Design and Evaluation ............89
4.1 Active Role of Today’s End-User in the Pervasive
Interaction with Psychotechnologies ...................................89
4.2 Equalizing the Design and the Evaluation Processes..........93
4.2.1 Intrasystemic Solution: A New Perspective on
the Relation between Design and Evaluation ..........94
4.3 Intrasystemic Solution from a Psychotechnological
Perspective ...........................................................................98
4.4 Conclusion .........................................................................102
Focus Section of Chapter 4
Box 4.1 Smart Future Initiative: The Disappearing Computer
and Ubiquitous Computing ..................................................90
Simone Borsci
Chapter 5 Why We Need an Integrated Model of Interaction Evaluation ........105
5.1 Evaluator’s Perspective in the Product Life Cycle ............105
5.2 Objectivity and Subjectivity in Interaction: When the
System Overrides the User ................................................107
5.2.1 Bridge between Object and
Subject: The Integrated Model of Evaluation .......109
5.3 Problems and Errors in the Evaluation ..............................114
5.3.1 Problems and Errors: From the
Integrated Model to the Integrated Methodology ....117
5.4 Discrimination and Matching of Problems and Errors:
The Integrated Methodology of Interaction Evaluation ....119
5.4.1 From the Concept of Mental Model to the
Integrated Methodology of Interaction Evaluation ...120
5.4.2 Goals of the Integrated Methodology of
Interaction Evaluation ...........................................124
5.4.2.1 Identification of the
Interaction Problems ..............................127
5.4.2.2 Distance between the User
and the Designer ....................................127
5.4.2.3 How to Measure the Distance:
The Evaluator’s Role and
Evaluation Model ...................................132
5.5 How to Use the Integrated Methodology: The Decision
Process Carried Out by the Evaluator ...............................136
5.6 Conclusion .........................................................................140
Chapter 6 Why Understanding Disabled Users’ Experience Matters ...............143
6.1 Disabled Users’ Experience ...............................................143
6.1.1 Big Accessibility Approach...................................145
viii Contents
6.2 Modeling Users’ Interaction Behavior: The Simulation
Process ...............................................................................151
6.3 Decision Process for User Testing: Sample Selection
and Representativeness of Data .........................................154
6.3.1 Three Keys for Monitoring Participants’
Selection Process ...................................................157
6.3.2 Representativeness of the Sample .........................160
6.4 Simulation and Selection of Disabled Users for
Composing Mixed Samples ...............................................161
6.5 Testing Disabled Users ......................................................163
6.6 Conclusion .........................................................................164
Focus Section of Chapter 6
Box 6.1 How Many People with a Disability Are There
in the World? ......................................................................146
Stefano Federici and Fabio Meloni
Chapter 7 How You Can Set Up and Perform an Interaction Evaluation:
Rules and Methods ...........................................................................167
7.1 What Is the Evaluation Process? .......................................167
7.1.1 Significance of Evaluation: From
Commonsense to Evaluation Criteria ...................168
7.1.2 Evaluation in Terms of Measurements and Criteria ...170
7.1.3 Process of Goal Achievement and Its Assessment ...172
7.2 UX and Usability: The Importance of the User’s
Long- and Short-Term Use of a Product ............................173
7.2.1 Dynamic Process of the User Experience .............174
7.3 Brief Overview of the Techniques for Assessing UX
and Usability ......................................................................176
7.4 Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Evaluation Process
and the Management of the Gathered Data .......................179
7.4.1 Management of the Qualitative Data: An
Overview of the Grounded-Theory Approach ......181
7.5 Grounded Procedure for the Management of Data and
to Determine the Number of Problems Discovered by
a Sample ............................................................................183
7.5.1 What Does It Mean to Monitor Problems? ...........184
7.5.2 Refining the p-Value of Heterogeneous
Samples through Estimation Models ....................187
7.5.3 Making a Decision on the Basis of the Sample
Behavior ................................................................190
7.6 Conclusion .........................................................................190
Contents ix
Chapter 8 Evaluation Techniques, Applications, and Tools ..............................193
8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................193
8.2 Inspection and Simulation Methods of the Expected
Interaction ..............................................................................196
8.2.1 Inspection of the Interaction ....................................197
8.2.2 Heuristic Evaluation .................................................198
8.2.3 Cognitive Walkthrough Method ...............................200
8.2.4 Task Analysis ...........................................................203
8.2.5 Summary of Inspection and Simulation Methods
of the Expected Interaction ......................................204
8.3 Qualitative and Subjective Measurements for Interaction
Analysis .................................................................................205
8.3.1 Questionnaire and Psychometric Tools ....................206
8.3.2 Interview...................................................................211
8.3.3 Observation ..............................................................213
8.3.4 Diary .........................................................................214
8.3.5 Eye-Tracking Methodology and Biofeedback ..........214
8.3.5.1 Biofeedback Usability and UX Testing ....215
8.3.5.2 Eye-Tracking Usability and UX Testing ...216
8.3.6 Summary of the Qualitative and Subjective
Measurements for Interaction Analysis ....................218
8.4 Usability Testing and Analysis of Real Interaction ...............219
8.4.1 Usability Testing .......................................................219
8.4.2 Concurrent Thinking Aloud in Usability Testing ....221
8.4.3 Retrospective Thinking Aloud in Usability Testing ....224
8.4.4 Alternative Verbal Protocols for Disabled Users
and Partial Concurrent Thinking Aloud ..................225
8.4.5 Remote Testing .........................................................227
8.4.6 Summary of Usability Testing and the Analysis
of Real User Interaction ...........................................229
8.5 Conclusion .............................................................................230
References .............................................................................................................233