Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective

1078 Pages·2011·6.492 MB·English

by  Randal E. Bryant, David R. O'Hallaron

Computer Systems
A Programmer’s Perspective
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Computer Systems
A Programmer’s Perspective
Randal E. Bryant
Carnegie Mellon University
David R. O’Hallaron
Carnegie Mellon University and Intel Labs
PrenticeHall
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Bryant,Randal.
Computersystems:aprogrammer’sperspective/RandalE.Bryant,DavidR.
O’Hallaron.—2nded.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-0-13-610804-7(alk.paper)
ISBN-10:0-13-610804-0(alk.paper)
1.Computersystems. 2.Computers. 3.Telecommunication. 4.Userinterfaces
(Computersystems) I.O’Hallaron,DavidRichard. II.Title.
QA76.5.B7952010
004—dc22
2009053083
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1—EB—14 13 12 11 10
ISBN10:0-13-610804-0
ISBN13:978-0-13-610804-7
To the students and instructors of the 15-213
course at Carnegie Mellon University, for inspiring
us to develop and refine the material for this book.
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Contents
Preface xix
AbouttheAuthors xxxiii
1
A Tour of Computer Systems 1
1.1 InformationIsBits+Context 3
1.2 ProgramsAreTranslatedbyOtherProgramsintoDifferentForms 4
1.3 ItPaystoUnderstandHowCompilationSystemsWork 6
1.4 ProcessorsReadandInterpretInstructionsStoredinMemory 7
1.4.1 HardwareOrganizationofaSystem 7
1.4.2 RunningthehelloProgram 10
1.5 CachesMatter 12
1.6 StorageDevicesFormaHierarchy 13
1.7 TheOperatingSystemManagestheHardware 14
1.7.1 Processes 16
1.7.2 Threads 17
1.7.3 VirtualMemory 17
1.7.4 Files 19
1.8 SystemsCommunicatewithOtherSystemsUsingNetworks 20
1.9 ImportantThemes 21
1.9.1 ConcurrencyandParallelism 21
1.9.2 TheImportanceofAbstractionsinComputerSystems 24
1.10 Summary 25
BibliographicNotes 26
Part I Program Structure and Execution
2
Representing and Manipulating Information 29
2.1 InformationStorage 33
2.1.1 HexadecimalNotation 34
2.1.2 Words 38
2.1.3 DataSizes 38
vii
viii Contents
2.1.4 AddressingandByteOrdering 39
2.1.5 RepresentingStrings 46
2.1.6 RepresentingCode 47
2.1.7 IntroductiontoBooleanAlgebra 48
2.1.8 Bit-LevelOperationsinC 51
2.1.9 LogicalOperationsinC 54
2.1.10 ShiftOperationsinC 54
2.2 IntegerRepresentations 56
2.2.1 IntegralDataTypes 57
2.2.2 UnsignedEncodings 58
2.2.3 Two’s-ComplementEncodings 60
2.2.4 ConversionsBetweenSignedandUnsigned 65
2.2.5 Signedvs.UnsignedinC 69
2.2.6 ExpandingtheBitRepresentationofaNumber 71
2.2.7 TruncatingNumbers 75
2.2.8 AdviceonSignedvs.Unsigned 76
2.3 IntegerArithmetic 79
2.3.1 UnsignedAddition 79
2.3.2 Two’s-ComplementAddition 83
2.3.3 Two’s-ComplementNegation 87
2.3.4 UnsignedMultiplication 88
2.3.5 Two’s-ComplementMultiplication 89
2.3.6 MultiplyingbyConstants 92
2.3.7 DividingbyPowersofTwo 95
2.3.8 FinalThoughtsonIntegerArithmetic 98
2.4 FloatingPoint 99
2.4.1 FractionalBinaryNumbers 100
2.4.2 IEEEFloating-PointRepresentation 103
2.4.3 ExampleNumbers 105
2.4.4 Rounding 110
2.4.5 Floating-PointOperations 113
2.4.6 FloatingPointinC 114
2.5 Summary 118
BibliographicNotes 119
HomeworkProblems 119
SolutionstoPracticeProblems 134
3
Machine-Level Representation of Programs 153
3.1 AHistoricalPerspective 156
3.2 ProgramEncodings 159
Contents ix
3.2.1 Machine-LevelCode 160
3.2.2 CodeExamples 162
3.2.3 NotesonFormatting 165
3.3 DataFormats 167
3.4 AccessingInformation 168
3.4.1 OperandSpecifiers 169
3.4.2 DataMovementInstructions 171
3.4.3 DataMovementExample 174
3.5 ArithmeticandLogicalOperations 177
3.5.1 LoadEffectiveAddress 177
3.5.2 UnaryandBinaryOperations 178
3.5.3 ShiftOperations 179
3.5.4 Discussion 180
3.5.5 SpecialArithmeticOperations 182
3.6 Control 185
3.6.1 ConditionCodes 185
3.6.2 AccessingtheConditionCodes 187
3.6.3 JumpInstructionsandTheirEncodings 189
3.6.4 TranslatingConditionalBranches 193
3.6.5 Loops 197
3.6.6 ConditionalMoveInstructions 206
3.6.7 SwitchStatements 213
3.7 Procedures 219
3.7.1 StackFrameStructure 219
3.7.2 TransferringControl 221
3.7.3 RegisterUsageConventions 223
3.7.4 ProcedureExample 224
3.7.5 RecursiveProcedures 229
3.8 ArrayAllocationandAccess 232
3.8.1 BasicPrinciples 232
3.8.2 PointerArithmetic 233
3.8.3 NestedArrays 235
3.8.4 Fixed-SizeArrays 237
3.8.5 Variable-SizeArrays 238
3.9 HeterogeneousDataStructures 241
3.9.1 Structures 241
3.9.2 Unions 244
3.9.3 DataAlignment 248
3.10 PuttingItTogether:UnderstandingPointers 252
3.11 LifeintheRealWorld:UsingthegdbDebugger 254
3.12 Out-of-BoundsMemoryReferencesandBufferOverflow 256
3.12.1 ThwartingBufferOverflowAttacks 261