Table Of ContentComputer Simulation of Aerial Target
Radar Scattering, Recognition,
Detection, and Tracking
Computer Simulation of Aerial Target
Radar Scattering, Recognition,
Detection, and Tracking
Yakov D. Shirman
Editor
Artech House
Boston • London
www.artechhouse.com
(cid:76)(cid:105)(cid:98)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:114)(cid:121)(cid:111)(cid:102)(cid:67)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:103)(cid:114)(cid:101)(cid:115)(cid:115)(cid:67)(cid:97)(cid:116)(cid:97)(cid:108)(cid:111)(cid:103)(cid:105)(cid:110)(cid:103)(cid:45)(cid:105)(cid:110)(cid:45)(cid:80)(cid:117)(cid:98)(cid:108)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:97)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:68)(cid:97)(cid:116)(cid:97)
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.
(cid:66)(cid:114)(cid:105)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:115)(cid:104)(cid:76)(cid:105)(cid:98)(cid:114)(cid:97)(cid:114)(cid:121)(cid:67)(cid:97)(cid:116)(cid:97)(cid:108)(cid:111)(cid:103)(cid:117)(cid:105)(cid:110)(cid:103)(cid:105)(cid:110)(cid:80)(cid:117)(cid:98)(cid:108)(cid:105)(cid:99)(cid:97)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:68)(cid:97)(cid:116)(cid:97)
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
(cid:67)(cid:111)(cid:118)(cid:101)(cid:114)(cid:100)(cid:101)(cid:115)(cid:105)(cid:103)(cid:110)(cid:98)(cid:121)(cid:73)(cid:103)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:86)(cid:97)(cid:108)(cid:100)(cid:109)(cid:97)(cid:110)
(cid:211) (cid:50)(cid:48)(cid:48)(cid:50)(cid:65)(cid:82)(cid:84)(cid:69)(cid:67)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:69)(cid:44)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:67)(cid:46)
(cid:54)(cid:56)(cid:53)(cid:67)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:116)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:83)(cid:116)(cid:114)(cid:101)(cid:101)(cid:116)
(cid:78)(cid:111)(cid:114)(cid:119)(cid:111)(cid:111)(cid:100)(cid:44)(cid:77)(cid:65)(cid:48)(cid:50)(cid:48)(cid:54)(cid:50)
Allrightsreserved.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Nopartofthisbook
may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
includingphotocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without
permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.
Alltermsmentionedinthisbookthatareknowntobetrademarksorservicemarkshave
beenappropriatelycapitalized.ArtechHousecannotattesttotheaccuracyofthisinformation.
Useofaterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedasaffectingthevalidityofanytrademark
orservicemark.
InternationalStandardBookNumber:1-58053-172-5
10987654321
Contents
Preface xv
References xvii
1 Foundations of Scattering Simulation on
Centimeter and Decimeter Waves 1
1.1 Target Scattering 1
1.1.1 Scattering Phenomenon and Its Main Radar
Characteristics 2
1.1.2 Doppler Transform for Signals of Arbitrary
Bandwidth-Duration Product 6
1.2 Analog Methods of Scattering Simulation 8
1.3 Computer Methods of Scattering Simulation 9
1.3.1 Simplest Component and Other Methods of
Target Surface Description and Calculation of
Scattering 9
1.3.2 Coordinate Systems and Coordinate
Transforms Neglecting Earth’s Curvature 10
1.3.3 Coordinate Systems and Coordinate
Transforms Accounting for Earth’s Curvature 14
v
vi ComputerSimulationofAerialTargetRadar
1.3.4 Peculiarities of the Simplest Component
Method Employment 16
1.3.5 General Equations of Scattering for the Far-
Field Zone and Arbitrary Signal Bandwidth-
Duration Product 18
1.3.6 Use of the Simplest Components’ Initial Data 20
1.3.7 Application Limits of the Simplest
Component Simulation Method 36
1.4 Peculiarities of the Target Motion Simulation 37
1.4.1 Deterministic Target Motion Description in
Accounting for Earth’s Curvature 37
1.4.2 Statistical Properties of Atmosphere and
Dynamics of Target-Atmosphere Interaction 39
1.5 Peculiarities of Simulation of Fast Rotating
Elements 42
1.5.1 Essence of Rotational Modulation of Scattered
Signals 42
1.5.2 Simulation of JEM Neglecting Shadowing
Effects 48
1.5.3 JEM Simulation, Taking into Account the
Shadowing Effect and Related Topics 52
1.5.4 Simulation of PRM 53
1.5.5 Comparison of Different Approximations of
the Blades in JEM and PRM Simulation 55
1.6 Radar Quality Indices to Be Simulated 56
1.6.1 Quality Indices of Recognition 56
1.6.2 Quality Indices of Detection and Tracking 60
1.6.3 Choice of Quality Indices 60
References 60
2 Review and Simulation of Recognition
Features (Signatures) for Wideband
Illumination 63
2.1 Definitions and Simulated Signatures for
Wideband Signal 63
Contents vii
2.2 Simulation of Target Range Profiles and RCSs
for Wideband Chirp Illumination 64
2.2.1 Simulation Methods for the Chirp
Illumination 64
2.2.2 Variants of Signatures on the Basis of Range
Profiles 66
2.2.3 Simulation of the Target RPs 69
2.2.4 Simulation of the Target RCS for Wideband
Illumination 74
2.2.5 Comparison of Simulated and Experimental
Data 75
2.3 Range-Polarization and Range-Frequency
Signatures Simulation for the Chirp
Illumination 80
2.3.1 Range-Polarization Signatures and Their
Simulation 80
2.3.2 Range-Frequency Signatures and Their
Simulation 85
2.4 Target Range Profiles for Wideband SF
Illumination 87
2.4.1 Ambiguity Functions of SF Signals with
Moderate Bandwidth-Duration Products 88
2.4.2 Ambiguity Functions of Separated SF Signal
with Very Large Bandwidth-Duration Product 91
2.4.3 Matched Processing of Separated SF Signal
with Very Large Bandwidth-Duration Product 92
2.4.4 Simulated and Experimental RPs for
Separated SF Illumination 95
2.5 Target’s 2D Images 100
2.5.1 Models of Backscattered Signal and Processing
Variants for ISAR 100
2.5.2 ISAR Processing on the Basis of Reference
Target Elements 101
2.5.3 ISAR Processing on the Basis of the WV
Transform 103
viii ComputerSimulationofAerialTargetRadar
2.5.4 Examples of 2D Image Simulation 105
References 109
3 Review and Simulation of Recognition
Features (Signatures) for Narrowband
Illumination 111
3.1 Signal Signatures Used in Narrowband
Illumination 111
3.2 RCS and Other Parameters of PSM 112
3.2.1 RCS in Narrowband Illumination and Its
Simulation 112
3.2.2 Other Parameters of the Polarization
Scattering Matrix and Their Simulation 114
3.3 Rotational Modulation Spectra 117
3.3.1 Rotational Modulation Spectra of Various
Targets 118
3.3.2 Rotational Modulation Spectra for Various
Wavelengths 119
3.3.3 Rotational Modulation Spectra for Various
Aspects of a Target 119
3.3.4 Rotational Modulation Spectra for Various
PRFs and Coherent Integration Times 121
3.3.5 Comparison of Simulated Spectra with
Experimental Ones 123
3.4 Correlation Factors of Fluctuations Via
Frequency Diversity 124
References 125
4 Review and Simulation of Recognition
Algorithms’ Operation 127
4.1 Bayesian Recognition Algorithms and Their
Simulation 127
4.1.1 Basic Bayesian Algorithms of Recognition for
the Quasi-simple Cost Matrix 128
