Computer Science and Web Technologies

274 Pages·2020·7.48 MB·English

by  Adele Kuzmiakova (Editor)

Computer Science and Web
Technologies

Computer Science and Web
Technologies
Edited by:
Adele Kuzmiakova
ARCLER
P r e s s
www.arclerpress.com
Computer Science and Web Technologies
Adele Kuzmiakova
Arcler Press
224 Shoreacres Road
Burlington, ON L7L 2H2
Canada
www.arclerpress.com
Email: [email protected]
e-book Edition 2021
ISBN: 978-1-77407-951-5 (e-book)
This book contains information obtained from highly regarded resources. Reprinted material
sources are indicated and copyright remains with the original owners. Copyright for images and
other graphics remains with the original owners as indicated. A Wide variety of references are
listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data. Authors or Editors or Publish-
ers are not responsible for the accuracy of the information in the published chapters or conse-
quences of their use. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or grievance to the
persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or thoughts in
the book. The authors or editors and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders
of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission has
not been obtained. If any copyright holder has not been acknowledged, please write to us so we
may rectify.
Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and
identification without intent of infringement.
© 2021 Arcler Press
ISBN: 978-1-77407-747-4 (Hardcover)
Arcler Press publishes wide variety of books and eBooks. For more information about
Arcler Press and its products, visit our website at www.arclerpress.com
ABOUT THE EDITOR
Adele Kuzmiakova is a computational engineer focusing on solving problems
in machine learning, deep learning, and computer vision. Adele attended
Cornell University in New York, United States for her undergraduate studies.
She studied engineering with a focus on applied math. While at Cornell, she
developed close relationships with professors, which enabled her to get involved
in academic research to get hands-on experience with solving computational
problems. She was also selected to be Accel Roundtable on Entrepreneurship
Education (REE) Fellow at Stanford University and spent 3 months working
on entrepreneurship projects to get a taste of entrepreneurship and high-growth
ventures in engineering and life sciences. The program culminated in giving
a presentation on the startup technology and was judged by Stanford faculty
and entrepreneurship experts in Silicon Valley. After graduating from Cornell,
Adele worked as a data scientist at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in
Lausanne, Switzerland where she focused on developing algorithms and
graphical models to analyze chemical pathways in the atmosphere. Adele also
pursued graduate studies at Stanford University in the United States where
she entered as a recipient of American Association of University Women
International Fellowship. The Fellowship enabled her to focus on tackling
important research problems in machine learning and computer vision. Some
research problems she worked on at Stanford include detecting air pollution
from outdoor public webcam images. Specifically, she modified and set up a
variety of pre-trained architectures, such as DehazeNet, VGG, and ResNet, on
public webcam images to evaluate their ability to predict air quality based on
the degree of haze on pictures. Other deep learning problems Adele worked on
include investigating the promise of second-order optimizers in deep learning
and using neural networks to predict sequences of data in energy consumption.
Adele also places an emphasis on continual education and served as a Student
Leader in PyTorch scholarship challenge organized by Udacity. Her roles as the
Student Leader were helping students debug their code to train neural networks
with PyTorch and providing mentorship on technical and career aspects. Her
hobbies include skiing, playing tennis, cooking, and meeting new people.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures ........................................................................................................xi
List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................xv
Preface........................................................................ ......................................xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Web Pages, Sites, and Applications ..................................1
1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................2
1.2. Web Pages ..........................................................................................3
1.3. Website ............................................................................................14
1.4. Web Applications .............................................................................26
Chapter 2 Web Browsers and Layout Engines ..........................................................41
2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................42
2.2. Web Browser ....................................................................................42
2.3. Layout Engine ...................................................................................51
2.4. Layout Engines And Web Browsers ...................................................64
Chapter 3 Web Evolution .........................................................................................77
3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................78
3.2. Characteristics of Web 1.0 ................................................................80
3.3. Characteristics of Web 2.0 ................................................................82
3.4. Application Domains of Web 2.0 ......................................................88
3.5. Web 3.0 ............................................................................................91
3.6. Web 4.0 ............................................................................................94
Chapter 4 Web Servers ............................................................................................99
4.1. Introduction ....................................................................................100
4.2. History Of The Web ........................................................................101
4.3. General Overview Of The Web .......................................................101
4.4. Types Of Internet Websites ..............................................................102
4.5. Media Formats Transmitted Via Internet ...........................................107
4.6. The Server .......................................................................................107
4.7. Web Servers Load Limit ..................................................................115
4.8. Types Of Web Servers .....................................................................116
Chapter 5 Software Architectures ..........................................................................121
5.1. Introduction ....................................................................................122
5.2. Client-Server Architecture ...............................................................123
5.3. Client ..............................................................................................127
5.4. Tier/Multitier Architecture ...............................................................137
5.5. Service-Oriented Architecture .........................................................144
Chapter 6 Emerging Web Technologies .................................................................151
6.1. Introduction ....................................................................................152
6.2. Emerging Web Technology Debates ................................................152
6.3. Technologies That Are Emerging ......................................................153
6.4. Advantage Of Emerging Web Technology ........................................164
6.5. Impact Of Emerging Web Technology On The Future ......................164
Chapter 7 Uses For Real-Time Web Technologies .................................................165
7.1. Introduction ....................................................................................166
7.2. Agile Software Development ...........................................................166
7.3. Content Management System (CMS) ...............................................168
7.4. Internet Marketing ..........................................................................169
7.5. Object Oriented Programming ........................................................170
7.6 Project Management ........................................................................173
7.7 Skunk Works ....................................................................................174
7.8 Social Media ....................................................................................174
7.9 Real-Time Web Analytics .................................................................177
7.10 Publishing ......................................................................................178
Chapter 8 Cloud Web Technologies ......................................................................179
8.1. Introduction ....................................................................................180
8.2. Concepts That Are Similar To Cloud Computing ..............................181
8.3. Characteristics Of Cloud Computing ...............................................185
8.4. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cloud Computing .....................188
viii