Table Of ContentComputer Science and Web
Technologies
Computer Science and Web
Technologies
Edited by:
Adele Kuzmiakova
ARCLER
P r e s s
www.arclerpress.com
Computer Science and Web Technologies
Adele Kuzmiakova
Arcler Press
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Burlington, ON L7L 2H2
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e-book Edition 2021
ISBN: 978-1-77407-951-5 (e-book)
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ABOUT THE EDITOR
Adele Kuzmiakova is a computational engineer focusing on solving problems
in machine learning, deep learning, and computer vision. Adele attended
Cornell University in New York, United States for her undergraduate studies.
She studied engineering with a focus on applied math. While at Cornell, she
developed close relationships with professors, which enabled her to get involved
in academic research to get hands-on experience with solving computational
problems. She was also selected to be Accel Roundtable on Entrepreneurship
Education (REE) Fellow at Stanford University and spent 3 months working
on entrepreneurship projects to get a taste of entrepreneurship and high-growth
ventures in engineering and life sciences. The program culminated in giving
a presentation on the startup technology and was judged by Stanford faculty
and entrepreneurship experts in Silicon Valley. After graduating from Cornell,
Adele worked as a data scientist at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in
Lausanne, Switzerland where she focused on developing algorithms and
graphical models to analyze chemical pathways in the atmosphere. Adele also
pursued graduate studies at Stanford University in the United States where
she entered as a recipient of American Association of University Women
International Fellowship. The Fellowship enabled her to focus on tackling
important research problems in machine learning and computer vision. Some
research problems she worked on at Stanford include detecting air pollution
from outdoor public webcam images. Specifically, she modified and set up a
variety of pre-trained architectures, such as DehazeNet, VGG, and ResNet, on
public webcam images to evaluate their ability to predict air quality based on
the degree of haze on pictures. Other deep learning problems Adele worked on
include investigating the promise of second-order optimizers in deep learning
and using neural networks to predict sequences of data in energy consumption.
Adele also places an emphasis on continual education and served as a Student
Leader in PyTorch scholarship challenge organized by Udacity. Her roles as the
Student Leader were helping students debug their code to train neural networks
with PyTorch and providing mentorship on technical and career aspects. Her
hobbies include skiing, playing tennis, cooking, and meeting new people.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures ........................................................................................................xi
List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................xv
Preface........................................................................ ......................................xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Web Pages, Sites, and Applications ..................................1
1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................2
1.2. Web Pages ..........................................................................................3
1.3. Website ............................................................................................14
1.4. Web Applications .............................................................................26
Chapter 2 Web Browsers and Layout Engines ..........................................................41
2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................42
2.2. Web Browser ....................................................................................42
2.3. Layout Engine ...................................................................................51
2.4. Layout Engines And Web Browsers ...................................................64
Chapter 3 Web Evolution .........................................................................................77
3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................78
3.2. Characteristics of Web 1.0 ................................................................80
3.3. Characteristics of Web 2.0 ................................................................82
3.4. Application Domains of Web 2.0 ......................................................88
3.5. Web 3.0 ............................................................................................91
3.6. Web 4.0 ............................................................................................94
Chapter 4 Web Servers ............................................................................................99
4.1. Introduction ....................................................................................100
4.2. History Of The Web ........................................................................101
4.3. General Overview Of The Web .......................................................101
4.4. Types Of Internet Websites ..............................................................102
4.5. Media Formats Transmitted Via Internet ...........................................107
4.6. The Server .......................................................................................107
4.7. Web Servers Load Limit ..................................................................115
4.8. Types Of Web Servers .....................................................................116
Chapter 5 Software Architectures ..........................................................................121
5.1. Introduction ....................................................................................122
5.2. Client-Server Architecture ...............................................................123
5.3. Client ..............................................................................................127
5.4. Tier/Multitier Architecture ...............................................................137
5.5. Service-Oriented Architecture .........................................................144
Chapter 6 Emerging Web Technologies .................................................................151
6.1. Introduction ....................................................................................152
6.2. Emerging Web Technology Debates ................................................152
6.3. Technologies That Are Emerging ......................................................153
6.4. Advantage Of Emerging Web Technology ........................................164
6.5. Impact Of Emerging Web Technology On The Future ......................164
Chapter 7 Uses For Real-Time Web Technologies .................................................165
7.1. Introduction ....................................................................................166
7.2. Agile Software Development ...........................................................166
7.3. Content Management System (CMS) ...............................................168
7.4. Internet Marketing ..........................................................................169
7.5. Object Oriented Programming ........................................................170
7.6 Project Management ........................................................................173
7.7 Skunk Works ....................................................................................174
7.8 Social Media ....................................................................................174
7.9 Real-Time Web Analytics .................................................................177
7.10 Publishing ......................................................................................178
Chapter 8 Cloud Web Technologies ......................................................................179
8.1. Introduction ....................................................................................180
8.2. Concepts That Are Similar To Cloud Computing ..............................181
8.3. Characteristics Of Cloud Computing ...............................................185
8.4. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cloud Computing .....................188
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