Table Of Content

ComputerScienceandAmbientIntelligence Computer Science and Ambient Intelligence Edited by Gaëlle Calvary Thierry Delot Florence Sèdes Jean-Yves Tigli Firstpublished2013inGreatBritainandtheUnitedStatesbyISTELtdandJohnWiley&Sons,Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,thispublicationmayonlybereproduced, storedortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withthepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentionedaddress: ISTELtd JohnWiley&Sons,Inc. 27-37StGeorge’sRoad 111RiverStreet LondonSW194EU Hoboken,NJ07030 UK USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com ©ISTELtd2013 TherightsofGaëlleCalvary,ThierryDelot,FlorenceSèdes,Jean-YvesTiglitobeidentifiedastheauthor ofthisworkhavebeenassertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2012950237 BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData ACIPrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-1-84821-437-8 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd.,Croydon,SurreyCR04YY Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Chapter1.AmbientIntelligence:ScienceorFad?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 JoëlleCOUTAZandJamesL.CROWLEY 1.1.Ambientintelligence:stillyoungat20years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2.Astepforwardintheevolutionofinformatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.1.Fiftyyearsago:thecomputerasanisolated criticalresource. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.2.Thirtyyearsago:theuseratthecenterofdesign . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.3.Thepastdecade:combiningphysical,social, anddigitalworlds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3.Extremechallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.1.Multi-scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.2.Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.3.Dynamicadaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.5.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Chapter2.ThinkingaboutEthics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Anne-MarieBENOIT 2.1.Ethicsandfundamentalrights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.Ethicsandvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3.Ethicsandfutureperspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 vi ComputerScienceandAmbientIntelligence Chapter3.SensorNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 JeanCARLE,MichaëlHAUSPIE,NathalieMITTON, TahiryRAZAFINDRALAMBOandDavidSIMPLOT-RYL 3.1.MAClayersforwirelesssensornetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.1.1.ChallengesatMAClevel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.1.2.Energyconsumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.1.3.ParametersforevaluatingaMAClayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.1.4.MACProtocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.2.Topologycontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.2.1.Rangeadjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2.2.Spanning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.3.Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.3.1.Broadcast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.3.2.Classicrouting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.3.3.Geographicrouting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.4.Deploymentofsensornetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.4.1.Knowingthehardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.4.2.Developmentprocess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.4.3.Ensuringstability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.4.4.Preparingfordeployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.5.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Chapter4.SmartSystems,AmbientIntelligenceandEnergySources: CurrentDevelopmentsandFutureApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 GeorgesAKHRASandFlorenceSÈDES 4.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.2.Didyousay“smartsystems”?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.2.1.Smartmaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.2.2.Sensorsandactuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.2.3.Commandandcontrolunit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.2.4.Managingdataandsecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.3.Energyharvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.3.1.Initialapplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.3.2.Secondgeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.3.3.Managingsystems,processesandenergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.4.Wearablecomputersandsmartfibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.5.Otherapplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.6.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.7.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 TableofContents vii Chapter5.MiddlewareinUbiquitousComputing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 VincentHOURDIN,NicolasFERRY,Jean-YvesTIGLI, StéphaneLAVIROTTEandGaëtanREY 5.1.Middleware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.2.Developmentofmiddlewarewithnewcomputerenvironments. . . . . 71 5.2.1. Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.2.2. Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.2.3. Contextawarenessandadaptation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.2.4. Ubiquitouscomputing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.3. Mainpropertiesofmiddlewareinubiquitouscomputing . . . . . . . . 75 5.3.1. Heterogeneityandinteroperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.3.2. Scalability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.3.3. Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.3.4.Variability,unpredictability,extensibilityandspontaneous interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.3.5.Dynamicadaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.3.6. Contextawareness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.3.7. Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.3.8. Adaptedandcontrolledresponsetimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.4.Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Chapter6.WComp,MiddlewareforUbiquitousComputing andSystemFocusedAdaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 NicolasFERRY,VincentHOURDIN,StéphaneLAVIROTTE, GaëtanREYandJean-YvesTIGLI 6.1.Serviceinfrastructureindevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 6.1.1.Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 6.1.2.Eventcommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 6.1.3.Appearanceanddisappearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 6.1.4.Decentralizeddynamicdiscovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 6.1.5.WSOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6.2.Dynamicservicecomposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 6.2.1.Compositionofservicesfordevices:LCA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 6.2.2.Distributedcomposition:SLCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 6.3.Dynamicadaptationofapplicationstovariationsintheir infrastructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 6.3.1.TheprinciplesofAOPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.3.2.Transverseadaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.3.3.Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6.4.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 viii ComputerScienceandAmbientIntelligence Chapter7.DataAccessandAmbientComputing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 ThierryDELOTandMarieTHILLIEZ 7.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 7.2.Generalcontext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 7.2.1.Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 7.2.2.Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 7.2.3.Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 7.3.Typesofqueries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7.3.1.Locationqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7.3.2.Continuousqueries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7.4.Dataaccessmodels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 7.4.1.ThePullmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 7.4.2.ThePushmodel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 7.5.Queryoptimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 7.6.Sensitivitytocontext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7.7.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 7.8.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Chapter8.SecurityandAmbientSystems:AStudyontheEvolution ofAccessManagementinPervasiveInformationSystems. . . . . . . . . . . 135 DanaALKUKHUNandFlorenceSÈDES 8.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 8.2.Managingaccessinpervasiveinformationsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 8.2.1.Basicaccesscontrolmodels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 8.2.2.Managingservice-orientedaccess:theXACMLstandard. . . . . . 140 8.3.Theevolutionofcontext-awareRBACmodels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 8.3.1.Examplesofcontext-awaremodels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 8.3.2.Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 8.4.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 8.5.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Chapter9.InteractiveSystemsandUser-CenteredAdaptation: ThePlasticityofUserInterfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 JoëlleCOUTAZ,GaëlleCALVARY,AlexandreDEMEURE andLionelBALME 9.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 9.2.TheproblemspaceofUIplasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 9.2.1.Plasticityandelasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 9.2.2.Adaptationcapacityanditsproblemspace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 9.2.3.Contextofuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 TableofContents ix 9.2.4.Meta-UIandusercontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 9.2.5.Utility,usabilityandvalue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 9.2.6.Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 9.3.TheCAMELEONreferenceframeworkforrational developmentofplasticUI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 9.3.1.Relationshipsbetweenmodels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 9.3.2.Developmentprocess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 9.4.TheCAMELEON-RTruntimeinfrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 9.4.1.FunctionaldecompositionofCAMELEON-RT. . . . . . . . . . . . 177 9.4.2.Situationidentifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 9.4.3.Evolutionengine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 9.4.4.Componentmanager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 9.4.5.Adaptationproducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 9.5.Ourprinciplesforimplementingplasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 9.6.Conclusion:lessonslearnedandopenchallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 9.7.Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 9.7.1.Thereisplasticityandthereisplasticity!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 9.7.2.Implementationtools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 9.8.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Chapter10.CompositionofUserInterfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 GaëlleCALVARY,Anne-MarieDERY-PINNA,AudreyOCCELLO, PhilippeRENEVIERandYoannGABILLON 10.1.Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 10.2.Casestudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 10.2.1.Descriptionoftheavailableservices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 10.2.2.Examplesofservicesbuiltbycomposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 10.3.Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 10.4.StateoftheartinUIcomposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 10.4.1.Composition:asharedconcern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 10.4.2.UIscomposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 10.4.3.ThedevelopmentprocessofUIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 10.4.4.GenerationofUIs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 10.4.5.PlasticityofUIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 10.4.6.SummaryofthestateoftheartinUIcomposition . . . . . . . . . 214 10.5.Twoexamplesofapproaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 10.5.1.CompositiondrivenbytheUIandthecontext ofuse:Compose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 10.5.2.Aresolutiondrivenbythefunctionalcore:Alias . . . . . . . . . . 218 10.6.Keystatementsandpropositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 10.7.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 x ComputerScienceandAmbientIntelligence Chapter11.SmartHomesforPeopleSufferingfrom CognitiveDisorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 SylvainGIROUXandHélènePIGOT 11.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 11.2.Theimpactofcognitivedisordersonsociety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 11.2.1.Cognitivedeficitshavehighhuman,social andeconomiccosts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 11.2.2.Cognitiveassistanceandremotemonitoring: asourceofhope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 11.3.Cognitivedisorders,relevantclientsandresearchatDOMUS. . . . . 228 11.3.1.Manifestationsofcognitivedifficultiesinaffectedpeople. . . . . 228 11.3.2.Fosteringautonomyandaginginplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 11.3.3.Accompanyingcaregivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 11.4.TheobjectivesoftheresearchprogramconductedatDOMUS . . . . 231 11.4.1.Benefitsforindividualsandsociety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 11.4.2.Transformingthehabitatofpeoplewithcognitivedeficits. . . . . 232 11.4.3.Buildingbridgesbetweenresearch,practiceandusers . . . . . . . 233 11.5.Pervasivecomputingandambientintelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 11.6.Anintegratedandinterdisciplinaryapproachtoresearch . . . . . . . . 234 11.6.1.Guidelinesandethicallinesthatshouldnotbecrossed. . . . . . . 234 11.6.2.Multidisciplinarysolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 11.6.3.Leavingthelaboratorytoevaluate,validateandtransfer solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 11.6.4.Aconcreteexampleoftheresearchapproach appliedatDOMUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 11.7.Transformingaresidenceintoanintelligenthabitat . . . . . . . . . . . 236 11.8.Researchactivities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 11.8.1.Cognitiveorthesesandremotemonitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 11.8.2.Cognitiveassistanceinthehome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 11.8.3.Cognitiveassistanceoutsidethehome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 11.8.4.Remotemonitoringandorganizationofwork betweencaregivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 11.8.5.TheinteractiveAMELIScalendar:portaltoan intelligenthabitat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 11.8.6.Accompaniedsocialnetworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 11.8.7.Riskdetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 11.8.8.Ambientintelligence:ubiquity,activityrecognition andcontextawareness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 11.8.9.Advanceduserinterfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 11.8.10.Medicalmonitoring:gatheringecologicaldataand physiologicaldata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 11.8.11.Cognitivemodelingandpersonalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 TableofContents xi 11.8.12.Heterogeneousnetworks,distributedsystems anduseinreallife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 11.8.13.Identification,localization,simulationandartificial intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 11.8.14.Privatelife,security,andreliability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 11.8.15.Designandergonomics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 11.8.16.Clinicalstudies,usabilitystudies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 11.9.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 11.10.Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Chapter12.PervasiveGamesandCriticalApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . 263 IsabelleASTIC,ColineAUNIS,JéromeDUPIRE,VivianeGAL, EricGRESSIER-SOUDAN,ChristophePITREY,MatthieuROY, FrançoiseSAILHAN,MichelSIMATIC,AlexandreTOPOL andEmanuelZAZA 12.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 12.2.Pervasivegames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 12.2.1.“PSM:thegamewhereyouarethenetwork” . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 12.3.Criticalubiquitousapplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 12.3.1.Distributedblackbox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 12.3.2.Safeguardingheritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 12.3.3.Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 12.4.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 12.5.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Chapter13.IntelligentTransportationSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 MikaelDESERTOT,SylvainLECOMTE,ChristopheGRANSARTand ThierryDELOT 13.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 13.2.Softwarearchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 13.2.1.Forwhatsortofapplications?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 13.2.2.Importanceofthecontext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 13.2.3.Servicesprovidedbytheplatform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 13.2.4.Exampleofaplatform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 13.3.Dedicatedtransportationservicesandmodeofcommunication . . . . 294 13.3.1.Transportation-orientedservicesthatuseaninfrastructure. . . . . 295 13.3.2.Exchangeservicesbetweenvehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 13.4.Publictransportationservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 13.4.1.ICAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 13.4.2.Internetaccessontrains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 13.5.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 13.6.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

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This book focuses on ambient intelligence and addresses various issues related to data management, networking and HCI in this context. Taking a holistic view, it covers various levels of abstraction, ranging from fundamental to advanced concepts and brings together the contributions of various speci
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Computer Science and Ambient Intelligence PDF

343 Pages·2012·5.96 MB·English
by  Gaëlle Calvary
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This book focuses on ambient intelligence and addresses various issues related to data management, networking and HCI in this context. Taking a holistic view, it covers various levels of abstraction, ranging from fundamental to advanced concepts and brings together the contributions of various speci

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