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ptg11539634 Top: Courtesy of Michael Kass, Pixar CourtesyofDanielKeefe,UniversityofMinnesota. and Andrew Witkin, © 1991 ACM, Inc. Reprintedbypermission.Bottom:Courtesy ofGregTurk,©1991ACM,Inc.Reprinted bypermission. ptg11539634 (0, 0, 0) (0, y9, 0) (0, y9, 1) (0, y, 0) (0, y, z) CourtesyofSteveStrassmann.©1986ACM,Inc.Reprintedbypermission. CourtesyofKenPerlin,©1985ACM,Inc.Reprintedbypermission. CourtesyofRameshRaskar;©2004ACM,Inc.Reprintedbypermission. ptg11539634 Courtesy of Stephen Marschner, © 2002 ACM, Inc. Reprintedbypermission. CourtesyofSeungyongLee,©2007ACM,Inc.Reprintedbypermission. Computer Graphics Third Edition ptg11539634 This page intentionally left blank ptg11539634 Computer Graphics Principles and Practice Third Edition ptg11539634 JOHNF.HUGHES ANDRIESVANDAM MORGANMCGUIRE DAVIDF.SKLAR JAMESD.FOLEY STEVENK.FEINER KURTAKELEY UpperSaddleRiver,NJ•Boston•Indianapolis•SanFrancisco NewYork•Toronto•Montreal•London•Munich•Paris•Madrid Capetown•Sydney•Tokyo•Singapore•MexicoCity Manyofthedesignationsusedbymanufacturersandsellerstodistinguishtheirproductsareclaimed astrademarks.Wherethosedesignationsappearinthisbook,andthepublisherwasawareofa trademarkclaim,thedesignationshavebeenprintedwithinitialcapitallettersorinallcapitals. Theauthorsandpublisherhavetakencareinthepreparationofthisbook,butmakenoexpressedor impliedwarrantyofanykindandassumenoresponsibilityforerrorsoromissions.Noliabilityis assumedforincidentalorconsequentialdamagesinconnectionwithorarisingoutoftheuseofthe informationorprogramscontainedherein. Thepublisheroffersexcellentdiscountsonthisbookwhenorderedinquantityforbulkpurchasesor specialsales,whichmayincludeelectronicversionsand/orcustomcoversandcontentparticularto yourbusiness,traininggoals,marketingfocus,andbrandinginterests.Formoreinformation,please contact: U.S.CorporateandGovernmentSales (800)382-3419 [email protected] ptg11539634 ForsalesoutsidetheUnitedStates,pleasecontact: InternationalSales [email protected] VisitusontheWeb:informit.com/aw LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Hughes,JohnF.,1955– Computergraphics:principlesandpractice/JohnF.Hughes,AndriesvanDam,MorganMcGuire, DavidF.Sklar,JamesD.Foley,StevenK.Feiner,KurtAkeley.—Thirdedition. pagescm Reviseded.of:Computergraphics/JamesD.Foley...[etal.].—2nded.–Reading,Mass.: Addison-Wesley,1995. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-321-39952-6(hardcover:alk.paper)—ISBN0-321-39952-8(hardcover:alk.paper) 1.Computergraphics.I.Title. T385.C57352014 006.6–dc23 2012045569 Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc. Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Thispublicationisprotectedby copyright,andpermissionmustbeobtainedfromthepublisherpriortoanyprohibitedreproduction, storageinaretrievalsystem,ortransmissioninanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recording,orlikewise.Toobtainpermissiontousematerialfromthiswork,please submitawrittenrequesttoPearsonEducation,Inc.,PermissionsDepartment,OneLakeStreet,Upper SaddleRiver,NewJersey07458,oryoumayfaxyourrequestto(201)236-3290. ISBN-13:978-0-321-39952-6 ISBN-10: 0-321-39952-8 TextprintedintheUnitedStatesonrecycledpaperatRRDonnelleyinWillard,Ohio. Firstprinting,July2013 Tomyfamily,myteacherRobKirby,andmyparents andJimArvoinmemoriam. —JohnF.Hughes Tomylong-sufferingwife,Debbie,whoonceagainput upwithnever-endingworkon“thebook,”andtomyfather,who wastherealscientistinthefamily. —AndriesVanDam ToSarah,Sonya,Levi,andmyparentsfortheirconstant support;andtomymentorHaroldStonefortwodecadesof guidancethroughlifeinscience. —MorganMcGuire ptg11539634 Tomyparentsinmemoriamfortheirlimitlesssacrificestogiveme theeducationalopportunitiestheyneverenjoyed;andtomydear wifeSiewMayforherunflinchingforbearancewiththehundredsof timesIretreatedtomy“mancave”forSkypesessionswithAndy. —DavidSklar ToMarylou,Heather,Jenn,myparentsinmemoriam,andallmy teachers—especiallyBertHerzog,whointroducedmetothe wonderfulworldofComputerGraphics! —JimFoley ToMichele,Maxwell,andAlex,andtomyparentsandteachers. —SteveFeiner ToPatHanrahan,forhisguidanceandfriendship. —KurtAkeley This page intentionally left blank ptg11539634 Contents at a Glance Contents........................................................................................ ix Preface.........................................................................................xxxv AbouttheAuthors.......................................................................... xlv 1 Introduction......................................................................... 1 2 Introductionto2DGraphicsUsingWPF.............................. 35 3 AnAncientRendererMadeModern.................................... 61 ptg11539634 4 A2DGraphicsTestBed........................................................ 81 5 AnIntroductiontoHumanVisualPerception....................... 101 6 IntroductiontoFixed-Function3DGraphicsand HierarchicalModeling.......................................................... 117 7 EssentialMathematicsandtheGeometryof2-Spaceand 3-Space................................................................................. 149 8 ASimpleWaytoDescribeShapein2Dand3D.................... 187 9 FunctionsonMeshes............................................................. 201 10 TransformationsinTwoDimensions..................................... 221 11 TransformationsinThreeDimensions.................................. 263 12 A2Dand3DTransformationLibraryforGraphics............. 287 13 CameraSpecificationsandTransformations......................... 299 14 StandardApproximationsandRepresentations.................... 321 15 RayCastingandRasterization............................................. 387 16 SurveyofReal-Time3DGraphicsPlatforms........................ 451 17 ImageRepresentationandManipulation.............................. 481 18 ImagesandSignalProcessing............................................... 495 19 EnlargingandShrinkingImages.......................................... 533 vii

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Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, Third Edition, remains the most authoritative introduction to the field. The first edition, the original “Foley and van Dam,” helped to define computer graphics and how it could be taught. The second edition became an even more comprehensive resource f