Table Of ContentCom puter
F undam entals
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Copyrighted material
B r i e f C o n t e n t s
Preface
x x i
Acknowledgements
XXV
UNIT 1
BASiCS_OF_COMPUIER
1. Introduction to Computer
1
2. The Computer System Hardware
19
3. Computer Memory
39
4. Input and Output Devices
61
5. Data Representation
87
UNIT II USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE
6. Interaction of User and Computer
115
•
7. Operating System
131
8. Computer Programming Fundamentals
150
9. Data Communication and Computer Network
163
10. The Internet and Internet Services
196
UNIT 111 APPLICATIONS AND SECURITY
11. Information Systems
219
12. Fundamentals of Database
236
13. Multimedia
256
14. Computer Security
284
UNIT IV
COMPUTER PRACTICALS
15. Windows XP
307
16. MS-Word 2007
342
17. MS-Excel 2007
379
18. MS-PowerPoint 2007
422
19. MS-Access 2007
458
20. Network and Internet Connections
486
21. Using LaTeX
503
Appendix A
515
Appendix B
517
Appendix C
519
Appendix D
523
Index
541
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C o n t e n t s
rretace
Acknowledgements
XXI
XXV
1JN 1T 1
R A S IC S O F T O M P IJT F R
1
1. Introduction to Computer
1
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Digital and Analog Computers
2
1.3 Characteristics of Computer
2
1.4 History of Computer
3
1.5 Generations of Computer
4
1.5.1 First Generation (1940 to 1956): Using Vacuum Tubes
4
1.5.2 Second Generation (1956 to 1963): Using Transistors
5
1.5.3 Third Generation (1964 to 1971): Using Integrated Circuits
5
1.5.4 Fourth Generation (1971 to present): Using Microprocessors
1.5.5 Fifth Generation (Present and Next): Using
6
Artificial Intelligence
6
1.6 Classification of Computer
7
1.6.1 Microcomputers
7
1.6.2 Minicomputers
9
1.6.3 Mainframe Computers
9
1.6.4 Supercomputers
9
1.7 The Computer System
10
1.7.1 The Input-Process-Output Concept
11
1.7.2 Components of Computer Hardware
12
1.8 Application of Computers
13
Summary
15
Keywords
16
Questions
17
2, The Computer System Hardware
19
2.1 Introduction
19
2.2 Central Processing Unit
20
2.2.1 Arithmetic Logic Unit
20
2.2.2 Registers
21
2.2.3 Control Unit
22
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2.3 Memory Unit
22
2.3.1 Cache Memory
22
2.3.2 Primary Memory
n
2.3.3 Secondary Memory
24
2.4 Instruction Format
24
2.5 Instruction Set
25
2.6 Instruction Cycle
25
12. Microprocessor
22
13. Interconnecting the Units of a Computer
21
2.8.1 System Bus
28
2.8.2 Expansion Bus
29
2.8.3 External Ports
29
2.9 Performance of a Computer
29
2.10
Inside a Computer Cabinet
31
2.10.1 Motherboard
31
2.10.2 Ports ancf Interfaces
32
2.10.3 Expansion Slots
12
2.10.4 Ribbon Cables
31
2.10.5 Memory Chips
34
2.10.6 Storage Devices
34
2.10.7 Processor
34
Summary
35
Keywords
36
Questions
36
Computer Memory
39
3.1
Introduction
39
3.2 Memory Representation
40
3.3 Memory Hierarchy
40
3.4 CPU Registers
42
3.5 Cache Memory
42
3.6 Primary Memory
43
3.6.1 Random Access Memory
43
3.6.2 Read Only Memory
44
3.7 Secondary Memory
46
3.8 Access Types of Storage Devices
46
3.8.1 Sequential Access Devices
46
3.8.2 Direct Access Devices
47
3.9 Magnetic Tape
47
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3.10 Magnetic Disk
48
3.10.1 Floppy Dink_________________________________________________________ 50
lJQ.2-Bnr.cLDi±k____________________________________________________ i I
3.10.3 Zip Disk______________________________________ .______________________ 52
3.11 Optical Disk__________________________________________________ 52
3.11.1 CD-ROM________________________________________________51
±J±2-DYDzRQM__________________________________________________________ 51
3.11.3 Recordable Optical Disk
55
3.12 Magneto-Optical Disk
55
3.13 Using the Computer Memory___________________________________ 56
Summary_____________________________________________________ 56
Contents
j
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Keywords_____________________________________________________ 57
Questions_____________________________________________________ 58
4. Input and Output Devices__________________________________________ 6}
4J._lntiQ.duc.ti.Qn________________________________________________________________6J
4.2 Input-Output Unit
62
4.2.1 Input Unit
62
4.2.2 Output Unit
62
4.3 Input Devices
63
4.4 Human Data Entry Devices
64
4.4.1 Keyboard
64
4.4.2 Pointing Devices______________________________________________________65
4.4 JL l_MQii.se__________________________________________________________(15
4.4.2.2 TrackBali
66
4.4.2.3 joystick
66
4.4.2.4 Digitizing Tablet
67
4.4.3 Pick Devices
68
4.4.3.1 Light Pen
68
4.4.3.2 Touch Screen
68
4.5 Source Data Entry Devices_____________________________________ 69
4.5.1 A udio Inp ut D evice _________________________________________________________69
4.5.2 Video Input Device___________________________________________________ 69
4.5.3 Optical Input Devices
70
4.5.3.1 Scanner
70
4.5.3.2 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
71
4.5.3.3 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
72
4.5.3.4 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
72
4.5.3.5 Barcode Reader
72
4.6 Output Devices
74
4.6.1 Hard Copy Devices
74
4.6.1.1 Printer
74
4.6.1.2 Plotter
76
4.6.1.3 Computer Output on Microfilm
77
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4.6.2 Soft Copy Devices
77
4.6.2.1 Monitor
77
4.6.2.2 Visual Display Terminal
77
4.6.2.3 Video Output
78
4.6.2.4 Audio Response
78
4.7 I/O Port
80
4.8 Working of I/O System
81
Summary
82
Keywords
83
Questions
84
5. Data Representation
87
5.1 Introduction
87
5.2 Number System
88
5.2.1 Decimal Number System
88
5.2.2 Binary Number System_______________________________________________ 89
5.2.3 Octal Number System________________________________________________ 89
5.2.4 Hexadecimal Number System________________________________________ 89
5.3 Conversion from Decimal to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
90
5.3. / Converting Decimal Integer to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
90
5.3.2 Converting Decimal Fraction to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
92
5.3.3 Converting D ecim al Integer. Fraction to Binary, O ctal,
Hexadecimal
94
5.4 Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal to Decimal
95
5.5 Conversion of Binary to Octal, Hexadecimal
97
5.6 Conversion of Octal, Hexadecimal to Binary
97
5.7 Binary Arithmetic
98
5.7.1 Binary Addition
98
5.7.2 Binary Subtraction
100
5.8 Signed and Unsigned Numbers
102
5.8.1 Complement of Binary Numbers
102
5.9 Binary Data Representation
103
5.9.1 Fixed Point Number Representation
103
5.9.2 Floating Point Number Representation
105
5.10 Binary Coding Schemes
106
5.10.1 EBCDIC
106
5.10.2 ASCII_________________________________________________________ 106
5^1D,3.JJniL0ik____________________________________________________________ WZ
5.11 Logic Gates__________________________________________________ 108
Summary
110
Keywords
110
Questions
111
Answers
113
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Contents
I Ix i
UNIT II
USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE
115
6. Interaction of User and Computer
115
6.1
Introduction
115
6.2 Types of Software
116
6.3 System Software
116
6.3.1 Operating System
117
6.3.2 Device Driver
117
6.3.3 System Utilities
118
6.3.4 Programming Languages
120
6.3.4.1 Machine Language
121
6.3.4.2 Assembly Language
121
6.3.4.3 High-level Language
122
6.3.4.4 Different Generations of Programming Languages
122
6.3.5 Translator Software
122
6.3.5.1 Assembler
124
6.3.5.2 Compiler
124
6.3.5.3 Interpreter
125
6.3.6 Linker
125
6.3.7 Loader
125
6.4 Application Software
126
6.5 Software Acquisition
127
Summary
128
Keywords
129
Questions
129
7. Operating System
131
7.1
Introduction
131
7.2 Objectives of Operating System
132
7.3 Types of OS
132
7.4 Functions of OS
134
7.5 Process Management
135
7.5.1 CPU Scheduling
136
7.5.2 Process Synchronization
136
7.5.3 Deadlock
137
7.6 Memory Management
138
7.6.1 Memory Allocation
138
7.6.2 Virtual Memory
139
7.7 File Management
140
7.8 Device Management
141
7.9 Protection and Security
142
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7.10
User Interface
143
7.11
Examples of Operating Systems
144
7.11.1 MS-DOS
144
7.11.2 Windows Family of OS
145
7.11.2.1 Brief History of Windows OS
146
7.11.3 Linux OS
146
Summary
147
Keywords
147
Questions
148
Computer Programming Fundamentals
150
8.1
Introduction
150
8.2 Program Development Life Cycle
151
8.3 Algorithm
152
8.4 Control Structures
153
8.5 Flowchart
153
8.5.1 Flowchart Symbols
153
8.5.2 Preparing a Flow chart
153
8.6 Pseudo Code
156
8.6.1 Preparing a Pseudo Code
156
8.7 Programming Paradigms
158
8.7.1 Structured Programming
158
8.7.2 Object-Oriented Programming (O O P)
159
8.7.3 Aspect-Oriented Programming
160
Summary
161
Keywords
161
Questions
162
Data Communication and Computer Network
163
9.1
Introduction
163
9.2 Importance of Networking
164
9.3 Data Transmission Media
165
9.3.1 Twistedpair
765
9.3.2 Coaxial Cable
766
9.3.3 Optical Fiber
766
9.3.4 Radio Transmission
767
9.3.5 Microwave Transmission
168
9.3.6 Satellite Transmission
168
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9.4 Data Transmission Across Media
168
9.4.1 Transmission Modes
168
9.4.2 Transmission Speed
170
9.4.3 Fundamentals of Transmission
170
9.4.3.1 Analog and Digital Signals
171
9.4.3.2 Modulation and Demodulation
172
9.4.3.3 Multiplexing
174
9.4.3.4 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission
174
9.5 Data Transmission and Data Networking
175
9.5.1 Switching
176
9.5.1.1 Circuit Switching
177
9.5.1.2 Message Switching
177
9.5.1.3 Packet Switching
177
9.6 Computer Network
178
9.6.1 Network Types
178
9.6.1.1 Local Area Network
179
9.6.1.2 Metropolitan Area Network
179
9.6.1.3 Wide Area Network
180
9.6.2 LAN Topologies
180
9.6.2.1 Bus Topology
180
9.6.2.2 Ring Topology
181
9.6.2.3 Star Topology
181
9.6.3 Communication Protocol
181
9.6.4 Network Devices
184
9.6.4.1 Network Interface Card
184
9.6.4.2 Repeater
185
9.6.4.3 Bridge
186
9.6.4.4 Hub
186
9.6.4.5 Switch
187
9.6.4.6 Router
188
9.6.4.7 Gateway
188
9.7 Wireless Networking
189
9.7.1 Bluetooth Technology
189
9.7.2 Wireless LAN
190
9.7.3 Wireless WAN
191
Summary
192
Keywords
193
Questions
193
10. The Internet and Internet Services
196
10.1 Introduction
196
10.2 History of Internet
197
10.3 Internetworking Protocol
198
10.4 The Internet Architecture
198
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10.5 Managing the Internet
199
10.6 Connecting to Internet
199
10.7 Internet Connections
200
10.7.1 Dial-up Access
201
10.7.2 Leased Line
201
10.7.3 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISD N )
202
10.7.4 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
202
10.7.5 Cable Modem
203
10.8 Internet Address
203
10.9 Internet Services
204
10.9.1 World Wide Web (W W W )
204
10.9.1.1 WebBrowser
206
10.9.1.2 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
207
10.9.1.3 Internet Search Engines
207
10.9.1.4 W W W Development Languages
209
10.9.2 Electronic M ail
210
10.9.2.1 E-mail Address
210
10.9.2.2 E-mail Message Format
210
10.9.2.3 E-mail Services
211
10.9.2.4 How E-mail Works
211
10.9.3 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
212
10.9.3.1 How FTP Works
213
10.9.4 Terminal Network (Telnet)
213
10.9.5 News
214
10.9.6 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
214
10.10 Uses of Internet
214
Summary
215
Keywords
216
Questions
216
UNIT III APPLICATIONS AND SECURITY
219
11.
Information Systems 219
11.1 Introduction
219
11.2 Data, Information and Knowledge
220
11.3 Characteristics of Information
221
11.4 Information System (IS)
221
11.5 Computer-Based Information System (CBIS)
223
11.6 Need for Efficient Information System
224
11.7 Categories of Information System
225
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11.8 Operations Support System
226
11.8.1 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
226
11.8.2 Office Automation System (OAS)
227
11.9 Management Support System
228
11.9.1 Management Information System (M IS)
228
11.9.2 Decision Support System (DSS)
229
11.9.3 Executive Information System (EIS)
230
11.10 Specialized Information System
230
11.10.1 Expert Systems
230
11.10.2 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
231
11.10.3 Electronic-Commerce (E-Commerce)
231
11.11 Careers in Information Systems
232
Summary
233
Keywords
234
Questions
234
Fundamentals of Database
236
12.1 Introduction
236
12.2 Database
237
72.2.1 File-Oriented Approach and Database Approach
237
12.2.2 Characteristics of Database Approach
239
12.2.3 Data Models, Schema and Instances
240
12.2.4 High-Level or Conceptual Data Model
240
12.2.4.1 Entity
240
12.2.4.2 Attribute
240
12.2.4.3 Relationship
241
12.2.4.4 Entity-Reiationship (E-R) Model
241
12.2.5 Representation or Implementation Data Model
242
12.2.5.1 Relational Database Model
242
12.2.5.2 Hierarchical Database Model
244
12.2.5.3 Network Database Model
244
12.2.6 Low-Level or Physical Data Model
245
12.3 Database System
245
12.3.1 Components of Database System
245
12.3.2 Architecture of Database System
246
12.4 Database Management System________________________________ 247
12.4.1 Data Independence________________________________________________248
12.4.2 Data Dictionary____________________________________________________248
12.4.3 Database Administrator (DBA)____________________________________ 249
12.4.4 Database Languages_______________________________________________ 249
12.4.4.1 Data Definition Language (DDL)_____________________________ 249
12.4.4.2 Data Manipulation Language (DML)__________________________ 249
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12.5 Database System Architectures
250
12.5.1 Centralized DBM S Architecture
250
12.5.2 Client-Server Architecture
250
12.5.3 Distributed Databases
251
12.6 Database Applications
251
Summary
252
Keywords
253
Questions
253
13. Multimedia
256
13.1 Introduction
256
13.2 Multimedia: Definition
257
13.3 Characteristics of Multimedia System
257
13.4 Elements of Multimedia
259
13.4.1 Text
*
259
13.4.2 Graphics
260
13.4.2.1 Bitmap Graphics
262
13.4.2.2 Vector Graphics
264
13.4.3 Audio
265
13.4.3.1 Audio from a CD to Web
266
13.4.4 Video
268
13.4.4.1 Video on Internet
269
13.4.5 Animation
271
13.5 Multimedia System
272
13.5.1 Desirable Features of Multimedia System
272
13.6 Multimedia Applications
273
13.6.1 In Education
273
13.6.2 In Entertainment
276
13.6.3 In Training
277
13.6.4 In Business
277
13.6.5 Virtual Reality
278
Summary
280
Keywords
280
Questions
281
14. Computer Security
284
14.1 Introduction
284
14.2 Security Threat and Security Attack
285
14.3 Malicious Software
286
14.3.1 Virus
287
14.3.2 Worms
287
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14.3.3 Trojan Horses
287
14.3.4 Javascripts, Java Applets and ActiveX Controls
288
14.4 Hacking
288
14.4.1 Packet Sniffing
289
14.4.2 Password Cracking
289
14.4.3 E-mail Hacking
289
14.5 Security Services
289
14.6 Security Mechanisms
290
14.7 Cryptography
290
14.7.1 Secret Key Cryptography
291
14.7.2 Public-Key Cryptography
291
14.7.3 Hash Functions
292
14.8 Digital Signature
292
14.9 Firewall
294
14.9.1 Types of Firewall
2 96
14.9.1.1 Packet Filter Firewall
296
14.9.1.2 Circuit Filter Firewall
296
14.9.1.3 Application-Level Gateway
297
14.10 Users Identification and Authentication
297
14.10.1 User Name and Password
298
14.10.2 Smart Card
299
14.10.3 Biometric Techniques
299
14.11 Other Security Measures
300
14.12 Security Awareness
301
14.13 Security Policy
302
14.13.1 Formulating a Security Policy
302
Summary
303
Keywords
304
Questions
304
UNIT IV COMPUTER PRACTICALS
307
15.
Windows XP 307
15.1 Introduction
307
15.2 Features of Windows XP
308
15.3 The Desktop
308
L5AJ.-IheJzsk.Bar.________________________________________________________m
IJAJJ^.kilcQiis.d.Dd.Sh.QrLcu.ts____________________________________________111
15.4 Structure of Windows
313
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15.5 Windows XP Explorer
314
15.5.1 The Start
314
15.5.2 The Window
315
15.5.3 The View
316
15.5.4 Selecting Files
317
15.5.5 Working with Folders
317
15.5.6 Files and Folders Properties
318
15.6 The Search
323
15.7 The Recycle Bin
323
15.8 Configuring the Screen
324
15.9 Configuring the Mouse
326
15.10 Adding or Removing Programs
328
15.11
Adding New Hardware
328
15.12
System Tools
330
15.13 The Scandisk
332
15.14 Windows XP Media Player
334
15.15 Windows XP Help
334
15.16
W in d o w s Vista
334
15.17 Windows 7
337
Questions
340
Word 2007
342
16.1
Introduction
342
16.2
Starting MS-Word
343
16.3
MS-Word Screen and Its Components
344
16.4 The Office Button
347
16.5 The Ribbon
350
16.5.1 The Home Tab
353
16.5.2 The Insert Tab
355
16.5.3 The Page Layout Tab
358
16.5.4 The References Tab
360
16.5.5 The Mailings Tab
360
16.5.6 The Review Tab
363
16.5.7 The View Tab
365
16.5.8 The Help
3 66
16.6 Solved Examples
366
Exercises
375
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