Table Of ContentCOMPUTER-BASED
INSTRUCTION IN
MILITARY ENVIRONMENTS
DEFENSE RESEARCH SERIES
Volume 1 Computer-Based Instruction in Military Environments
Edited by Robert J. Seidel and Peter D. Weddle
COMPUTER-BASED
INSTRUCTION IN
MILITARY ENVIRONMENTS
Edited by
J.
ROBERT SEIDEL
u.s.
Army Research Imtitute
Alexandria, Virginia
and
PETER D. WEDDLE
Hay Systems, Inc.
Washington, D. C.
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Published in cooperation with NATO Defense Research Group
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Computer-based instruction in military environments I edited by Robert J. Seidel and
Peter D. Weddle.
p. cm. - (Defense research series; v. 1)
Based on the proceedings of a symposium held Apr. 15-17, 1985, in Brussels,
Belgium.
"Published in cooperation with NATO Defense Research Group."
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
ISBN-13:978-1-4612-8243·3 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4613-0915·4
001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0915-4
1. Military education-Europe-Congresses. 2. Military education-North
America - Congresses. 3. Computer-assisted instruction - Europe - Congresses. 4.
Computer-assisted instruction - North America - Congresses. 5.North Atlantic Treaty
Organization-Armed Forces-Congresses. I. Seidel, Robert J., date. II. Weddle,
Peter D. III. NATO Defense Research Group. IV. Series.
Q505.C66 1987
355'.007-dc19 87-16610
CIP
Based on the proceedings of a symposium by NATO Defense Research Group Panel
VIII on Computer-Based Instruction in Military Environments, held
April 15-17, 1985, in Brussels, Belgium
© 1987 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
FOREWORD
This collection of papers is the result of a symposium sponsored by
NATO's Defense Research Group Panel VIII in the Spring of 1985. The
symposium came into being when it became obvious to the NATO countries that
research, development and utilization of advanced technologies for training
was the best means of increasing both training effectiveness and efficiency.
This symposium was the second in a series of three devoted to
training. The series was structured to cover all aspects of training. The
first series addressed the value of training, the second one dealt with the
application of training technologies and the third and last of the series
focused on academic issues concerned with the effect of prior learning on
subsequent learning.
The fact that a major American publisher has determined that computer
based instruction is the technology of greatest interest to the NATO
community is not surprising. Advances in microprocessor technology have
revolutionized both how and where we train. During this symposium there
were a limited number of carefully chosen exhibits to demonstrate the
various applications of computer based training techniques. In the
following papers you will find both a practical and scientific basis for
the way current and future training and training systems should be
designed, applied and utilized.
We know that training must be done faster and more effectively.
Computer based instruction can save up to 30 percent in time compared to
conventional methods. When this savings is translated into financial and
other resources it can be substantial. However, it was also realized
during the symposium that depending on what and where we are training, this
savings might have to be used for retraining. In other words, if the
material learned is not retained adequately there is not going to be a real
savings. This particular payoff should be viewed with some caution and
greater effort should be expended on the many payoffs of computer based
instructional techniques.
As you study these papers be aware that they are only part of the many
research projects that currently support this burgeoning computer based
training effort. During the symposium we were constantly reminded that
computer based instruction is a rapidly growing industry. Its potential
applications exceed what is now being considered by the user. The
increased use of expert systems, voice recognition and synthesis, flat
panel displays, high density memory devices, automated curriculum
development, computer graphics and imagery video discs, and touch sensitive
surfaces all provide the opportunities for using computers to provide
better education and training. However it is obvious from these papers
that there is still much to be done in the future to use what we have and
will soon have available.
v
There were 35 papers submitted to this symposium. Unfortunately, only
24 could be accepted for presentation (23 of which appear in this volume,
-ed.), supplemented by 2 invited addresses, due to time limitations. The
fact that NATO sponsored such a symposium series emphasizes the importance
of training. Expensive weapon systems are only of value to those paying
the bill when they are operated and maintained correctly. To have this
occur requires proper training and retention of that specialized skill.
These papers demonstrate how far we have progressed in the area of training
using microprocessor based capabilities. As the present and past chairmen
of the NATO panel which sponsored this series we are appreciative of the
scientific rigor displayed by the academic, industrial and military experts
who are devoted to improved training.
capt. Paul Chatelier
Office of the U.s. Secretary
of Defense
Professor R. Bernotat
Chairman of NATO Defense
Research Group Panel VIII
PREFACE
The papers which follow demonstrate both the importance of training to
the preparedness of the NATO Alliance and the truly international character
of advances being made in human science research. OUr intent in editing
this volume is to extend the awareness of those two facts.
We would like to thank the authors of the papers for their cooperation
and contribution to the development of this book. We have made every
effort, including the use of their English translations, to preserve the
exact word and essence of their presentations. OUr thanks go, as well, to
Patricia H. Ryan, Joanne Pomponio, Carol-Ruth Korch and Jessie HcVean for
their assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.
Dr. Robert J. Seidel
U.S. Army Research Institute for the
Behavioral and Social Sciences
Hr. Peter D. Weddle
HAY Systems, Incorporated
CONTENTS
An Overview of Computer-Based Instruction in Military Environments 1
C.L. Wiggs and R.J. Seidel
INTELLIGENT CAl
An Intelligent Computer Assisted Instruction System for Maintenance
Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...... 11
L.H. Nawrocki
The Conversion of an Expert System to an Intelligent CAl System . . . .. 21
S.J. Bevan and P.R. Wetherall
Self-Organised Learning within an Intelligent Teaching System . . . . .. 29
R.R. Todd
Portable, Intelligent Simulation for ASW Training . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
E.D. McWilliams and G.L. Ricard
DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPES
CAITER: A Computer-Based Instruction Terminal 59
A. Brebner, H.J. Hallworth and G. McKinnon
The Use of Computers in Training in the British Army 69
D.K. Dana
Weapon Training and Simulation 89
C. Saint-Raymond
CBI in the Royal Air Force: A Case Study of Two Part-Task Trainers . . . 95
M.E. Court and D.A. Sharrock
Development of a Prototype Computer-Based Testing and Assessment
System. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . ......... 105
E.J. Anastasio and R. Serotkin-Getty
IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION
Implementation of Computer-Based Training: A System Evaluation and
Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . ... 145
J.Y. Yasutake
Evaluating New Technology: Formative Evaluation of Intelligent
Computer-Assisted Instruction .................. 155
E.L. Baker
ix
AIDS TO RESOURCE USAGE, RESOURCE SHARING AND AUTHORING
Online Help: Design Issues for Authoring Systems .... 163
T.H. Duffy and H.D. Langston
A User-Haintained. Database for Trainers in Hilitary Environments .... 179
A. Heyers
Computer-Based Instruction in the Department of Defense: Enhancing
Application of the Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 197
J.F. Funaro and N.E. Lane
Turning Educators into Authors: A Case Study in the Acquisition of
Authoring Skills . . . ... 203
A.L. Droar and A. Kennedy
RESEARCH IN TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
New Frontiers for Computer.Aided Training ................ 215
G.P. Noja
The Development and Test of a Hand-Held Computerized Training Aid . . . . 231
R.A. Wisher
Consideration of Instruction and Training in Human Operator Hodels . . . 239
J. Harguin
Computer-Assisted Programmed Cases: A Learning Hethod for Improving
the Understanding of Persons . . . 249
L. Van den Brande
Electronic Delivery of Job Performance Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
W. E. Hartung
NEW THEORY
Video-Game Technology and Training Research . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . 271
C. Heaton
Experience-Consolidation Systems: A Sketch of a Theory of
Computer-Based Instruction in Ill-Structured Domains . . . . . . . . 285
R.J. Spiro
The Use of Intelligent Authoring Tools ·to Enhance CBI in Technical
Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ......... 293
R.S. Perez and R.J. Seidel
INVITED ADDRESSES
Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence and Complex Training . ; . . . 313
W. Feurzeig
Authoring Tools: Past, Present, and Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
G. Kearsley
Index ................................... 341
x
AN OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER-BASED INSTRUCTION IN MILITARY ENVIRONMENTS!
C. L. Wiggs and R. J. Seidel
U.S. Army Research Institute
Alexandria, Virginia, U.S.A.
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is based on presentations made at the Computer Based
Instruction symposium, however the presentations have been expanded upon,
or amended, in order to become current. The chapter sketches the history
of Computer Based Instruction (CBI) and provides a rationale and context
for NATO interest in CBI in military training. Lastly, it focuses on
highlights of issues to be covered in the subsequent chapters.
In general, the purpose of the symposium was to: 1) describe the
current state-of-the-art in Computer Based Instruction in military
environments, 2) identify implementation issues, 3) highlight high-gain
areas, and 4) identify advanced.technologies that will soon be available.
BACKGROUND
The history of Computer-Based Instruction can be traced back to the
work of Pressey (1927) and Skinner (1958) on "teaching machines." Briefly,
teaching machines were designed to provide response sensitive feedback to
each student. Thus, the machines provided interactive, individualized
learning experiences. Although the teaching machines were successful for
teaching simple mathematics and spelling, when it came to learning, which
required more complex and less straightforward responses, the machines had
to be modified. A great deal of modification has taken place in the
transformation from the rudimentary teaching machines to Computer-Based
Instruction (CBI). Nevertheless, computers are just beginning to have a
truly significant impact on public education and the training realm.
Kearsley, Hunter, and Seidel (1983) examined two decades of CBI
projects, reviewing over 50 major CBI projects in terms of their
theoretical and practical significance to the field of education and
training. The review, which encompassed experiments, demonstrations,
lThe op1n10ns expressed in this chapter represent the op1n10n of the
authors and in no way reflect any official position of the U.S. Army.
