Computer-Based Instruction in Military Environments PDF
Preview Computer-Based Instruction in Military Environments
COMPUTER-BASED INSTRUCTION IN MILITARY ENVIRONMENTS DEFENSE RESEARCH SERIES Volume 1 Computer-Based Instruction in Military Environments Edited by Robert J. Seidel and Peter D. Weddle COMPUTER-BASED INSTRUCTION IN MILITARY ENVIRONMENTS Edited by J. ROBERT SEIDEL u.s. Army Research Imtitute Alexandria, Virginia and PETER D. WEDDLE Hay Systems, Inc. Washington, D. C. PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Published in cooperation with NATO Defense Research Group Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Computer-based instruction in military environments I edited by Robert J. Seidel and Peter D. Weddle. p. cm. - (Defense research series; v. 1) Based on the proceedings of a symposium held Apr. 15-17, 1985, in Brussels, Belgium. "Published in cooperation with NATO Defense Research Group." Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN-13:978-1-4612-8243·3 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4613-0915·4 001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0915-4 1. Military education-Europe-Congresses. 2. Military education-North America - Congresses. 3. Computer-assisted instruction - Europe - Congresses. 4. Computer-assisted instruction - North America - Congresses. 5.North Atlantic Treaty Organization-Armed Forces-Congresses. I. Seidel, Robert J., date. II. Weddle, Peter D. III. NATO Defense Research Group. IV. Series. Q505.C66 1987 355'.007-dc19 87-16610 CIP Based on the proceedings of a symposium by NATO Defense Research Group Panel VIII on Computer-Based Instruction in Military Environments, held April 15-17, 1985, in Brussels, Belgium © 1987 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher FOREWORD This collection of papers is the result of a symposium sponsored by NATO's Defense Research Group Panel VIII in the Spring of 1985. The symposium came into being when it became obvious to the NATO countries that research, development and utilization of advanced technologies for training was the best means of increasing both training effectiveness and efficiency. This symposium was the second in a series of three devoted to training. The series was structured to cover all aspects of training. The first series addressed the value of training, the second one dealt with the application of training technologies and the third and last of the series focused on academic issues concerned with the effect of prior learning on subsequent learning. The fact that a major American publisher has determined that computer based instruction is the technology of greatest interest to the NATO community is not surprising. Advances in microprocessor technology have revolutionized both how and where we train. During this symposium there were a limited number of carefully chosen exhibits to demonstrate the various applications of computer based training techniques. In the following papers you will find both a practical and scientific basis for the way current and future training and training systems should be designed, applied and utilized. We know that training must be done faster and more effectively. Computer based instruction can save up to 30 percent in time compared to conventional methods. When this savings is translated into financial and other resources it can be substantial. However, it was also realized during the symposium that depending on what and where we are training, this savings might have to be used for retraining. In other words, if the material learned is not retained adequately there is not going to be a real savings. This particular payoff should be viewed with some caution and greater effort should be expended on the many payoffs of computer based instructional techniques. As you study these papers be aware that they are only part of the many research projects that currently support this burgeoning computer based training effort. During the symposium we were constantly reminded that computer based instruction is a rapidly growing industry. Its potential applications exceed what is now being considered by the user. The increased use of expert systems, voice recognition and synthesis, flat panel displays, high density memory devices, automated curriculum development, computer graphics and imagery video discs, and touch sensitive surfaces all provide the opportunities for using computers to provide better education and training. However it is obvious from these papers that there is still much to be done in the future to use what we have and will soon have available. v There were 35 papers submitted to this symposium. Unfortunately, only 24 could be accepted for presentation (23 of which appear in this volume, -ed.), supplemented by 2 invited addresses, due to time limitations. The fact that NATO sponsored such a symposium series emphasizes the importance of training. Expensive weapon systems are only of value to those paying the bill when they are operated and maintained correctly. To have this occur requires proper training and retention of that specialized skill. These papers demonstrate how far we have progressed in the area of training using microprocessor based capabilities. As the present and past chairmen of the NATO panel which sponsored this series we are appreciative of the scientific rigor displayed by the academic, industrial and military experts who are devoted to improved training. capt. Paul Chatelier Office of the U.s. Secretary of Defense Professor R. Bernotat Chairman of NATO Defense Research Group Panel VIII PREFACE The papers which follow demonstrate both the importance of training to the preparedness of the NATO Alliance and the truly international character of advances being made in human science research. OUr intent in editing this volume is to extend the awareness of those two facts. We would like to thank the authors of the papers for their cooperation and contribution to the development of this book. We have made every effort, including the use of their English translations, to preserve the exact word and essence of their presentations. OUr thanks go, as well, to Patricia H. Ryan, Joanne Pomponio, Carol-Ruth Korch and Jessie HcVean for their assistance in the preparation of the manuscript. Dr. Robert J. Seidel U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences Hr. Peter D. Weddle HAY Systems, Incorporated CONTENTS An Overview of Computer-Based Instruction in Military Environments 1 C.L. Wiggs and R.J. Seidel INTELLIGENT CAl An Intelligent Computer Assisted Instruction System for Maintenance Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...... 11 L.H. Nawrocki The Conversion of an Expert System to an Intelligent CAl System . . . .. 21 S.J. Bevan and P.R. Wetherall Self-Organised Learning within an Intelligent Teaching System . . . . .. 29 R.R. Todd Portable, Intelligent Simulation for ASW Training . . . . . . . . . . .. 41 E.D. McWilliams and G.L. Ricard DEVELOPMENT OF PROTOTYPES CAITER: A Computer-Based Instruction Terminal 59 A. Brebner, H.J. Hallworth and G. McKinnon The Use of Computers in Training in the British Army 69 D.K. Dana Weapon Training and Simulation 89 C. Saint-Raymond CBI in the Royal Air Force: A Case Study of Two Part-Task Trainers . . . 95 M.E. Court and D.A. Sharrock Development of a Prototype Computer-Based Testing and Assessment System. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . ......... 105 E.J. Anastasio and R. Serotkin-Getty IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION Implementation of Computer-Based Training: A System Evaluation and Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . ... 145 J.Y. Yasutake Evaluating New Technology: Formative Evaluation of Intelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction .................. 155 E.L. Baker ix AIDS TO RESOURCE USAGE, RESOURCE SHARING AND AUTHORING Online Help: Design Issues for Authoring Systems .... 163 T.H. Duffy and H.D. Langston A User-Haintained. Database for Trainers in Hilitary Environments .... 179 A. Heyers Computer-Based Instruction in the Department of Defense: Enhancing Application of the Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 197 J.F. Funaro and N.E. Lane Turning Educators into Authors: A Case Study in the Acquisition of Authoring Skills . . . ... 203 A.L. Droar and A. Kennedy RESEARCH IN TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS New Frontiers for Computer.Aided Training ................ 215 G.P. Noja The Development and Test of a Hand-Held Computerized Training Aid . . . . 231 R.A. Wisher Consideration of Instruction and Training in Human Operator Hodels . . . 239 J. Harguin Computer-Assisted Programmed Cases: A Learning Hethod for Improving the Understanding of Persons . . . 249 L. Van den Brande Electronic Delivery of Job Performance Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 W. E. Hartung NEW THEORY Video-Game Technology and Training Research . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . 271 C. Heaton Experience-Consolidation Systems: A Sketch of a Theory of Computer-Based Instruction in Ill-Structured Domains . . . . . . . . 285 R.J. Spiro The Use of Intelligent Authoring Tools ·to Enhance CBI in Technical Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ......... 293 R.S. Perez and R.J. Seidel INVITED ADDRESSES Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence and Complex Training . ; . . . 313 W. Feurzeig Authoring Tools: Past, Present, and Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 G. Kearsley Index ................................... 341 x AN OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER-BASED INSTRUCTION IN MILITARY ENVIRONMENTS! C. L. Wiggs and R. J. Seidel U.S. Army Research Institute Alexandria, Virginia, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION This chapter is based on presentations made at the Computer Based Instruction symposium, however the presentations have been expanded upon, or amended, in order to become current. The chapter sketches the history of Computer Based Instruction (CBI) and provides a rationale and context for NATO interest in CBI in military training. Lastly, it focuses on highlights of issues to be covered in the subsequent chapters. In general, the purpose of the symposium was to: 1) describe the current state-of-the-art in Computer Based Instruction in military environments, 2) identify implementation issues, 3) highlight high-gain areas, and 4) identify advanced.technologies that will soon be available. BACKGROUND The history of Computer-Based Instruction can be traced back to the work of Pressey (1927) and Skinner (1958) on "teaching machines." Briefly, teaching machines were designed to provide response sensitive feedback to each student. Thus, the machines provided interactive, individualized learning experiences. Although the teaching machines were successful for teaching simple mathematics and spelling, when it came to learning, which required more complex and less straightforward responses, the machines had to be modified. A great deal of modification has taken place in the transformation from the rudimentary teaching machines to Computer-Based Instruction (CBI). Nevertheless, computers are just beginning to have a truly significant impact on public education and the training realm. Kearsley, Hunter, and Seidel (1983) examined two decades of CBI projects, reviewing over 50 major CBI projects in terms of their theoretical and practical significance to the field of education and training. The review, which encompassed experiments, demonstrations, lThe op1n10ns expressed in this chapter represent the op1n10n of the authors and in no way reflect any official position of the U.S. Army.
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