Computer-Aided Transit Scheduling: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Computer-Aided Scheduling of Public Transport

390 Pages·1995·12.86 MB·English

by  Uwe Pape

Lecture Notes in Economics
and Mathematical Systems 430
Founding Editors:
M. Beckmann
H. P. Kilnzi
Editorial Board:
H. Albach, M. Beckmann, G. Feichtinger, W. Hildenbrand, W. Krelle
H. P. Kilnzi, K. Ritter, U. Schittko, P. SchOnfeld, R. Selten
Managing Editors:
Prof. Dr. G. Fandel
Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften
Femuniversitiit Hagen
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Prof. Dr. W. Trockel
Institut filr Mathematische Wirtschaftsforschung (IMW)
Universitiit Bielefeld
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Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
Barcelona
Budapest
Hong Kong
London
Milan
Paris
Santa Clara
Singapore
Tokyo
Joachim R. Daduna Isabel Branco
Jose M. Pinto Paixiio (Eds.)
Computer-Aided
Transit Scheduling
Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop
on Computer-Aided Scheduling
of Public Transport
Springer
Editors
Prof. Dr. Joachim R. Daduna
Fachhochschule Konstanz
Fachbereich Witschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften
BrauneggerstraBe 55, D-78462 Konstanz, Germany
Prof. Dr. Isabel Branco
Prof. Dr. Jose M. Pinto Paixiio
University of Lisbon
DEIO, Ediffcio C2
Cidade Universitaria, 1700 Lisbon, Portugal
LIbrary of Congress Cataloging-ln-Publtcation Data
International Horkshop on Computer-aided Scheduling of Public
Transport (8th: 1993 , Ltsbon. Portugal)
Computer-aided transit sCheduling, proceedings of the Sixth
International Workshop on Computer-aided Scheduling of Public
Transport / Joaehl. R. Daduna. Isabel Branco, Jose M. Pinto Palxio
(editors).
p. em. -- (Lecture notes In economics and mathematical
systems ; 430)
MeetIng held at Lisbon, Portugal, July 1993.
Includes bIbliographIcal referenc.,.
ISBN 3-540-60193-7
1. Local translt--Manage •• nt--Data processlng--Congresses. 2. Bus
11nes--Management--Data processing--Congresse •• 3. Scheduling
(Managem,nt)--Data processfng--Congresses. I. Daduna, Joachim
Rolf, 1948- II. Branco, Isabel, 1953- . III. Palxio. Jose M.
Pinto. 1950- IV. Carraresl, Paolo, 1946-1994. V. Tltl;.
VI. Series.
HE4301.158 1993
388.4--dc20 95-35278
CIP
ISBN 3-540-60193-7 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
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To the memory of
Paolo Carraresi
Paolo
Carra~i
(1946 -19(4)
In the early morning of March 5th 1994, Paolo Carraresi, Professor of Operations Research
at the Computer Sciences Department of Pisa University, died suddenly and unexpectedly.
He was well known within the Operations Research Community, both for his scientific
expertise and his human qualities, above all by those who worked in the field of public
transport. We would like to remember him both as a member of this community, to which
he had always made a significant contribution, and not least as a dear friend with whom, for
many years, we shared daily didactic and research activities.
Paolo Carraresi was born on April 10th 1946 in Florence, at whose university he was to get
his degree in Mathematics in 1970. In the same year he began working as an assistant in
Operations Research at the Computer Science Department in Pisa University. His academic
career continued in Pisa, first as a lecturer, then as associate professor, and fmally in
November 1990 he became full professor.
His first work was on 0-1 integer programming; in fact his interest in discrete optimisation
was to remain with him, though not without a few diversions. After this first project Paolo
began working on a sequential wapproach to convex programming, and specifically with
the quadratic case.
The mid 70s saw his interest grow in networking problems, in particular computer networks,
where he developed a particularly interesting new algorithmic approach to dealing with the
optimal displacement of "files" and programs in a distributed database [1].
But where Paolo showed the greatest depth, originality and richness in results was in his
work on models and algorithms for managing services in public transport. This line of
research began in the late 70s, which at various times and on various subjects involved the
entire Operations Research group of our Department Paolo dealt particularly with the
management of crews [2, 4, 5, 6, 8] and vehicles [9]. This had begun with urban and
extra-urban transport, then extended to results obtained with air transport. More recently he
had also been concerned with simulating user behaviour in an interurban system, which is
a fundamental problem when planning lines and defining levels of service [15]. He also
investigated integrating the techniques of mathematical programming with techniques
derived from logical programming, leading to some interesting results [10,13].
This activity brought to light his particular sensitivity and ability in defining and building
models. In this critical and extremely important phase in the applications of Operations
Research he managed to bring out the structure of the problems being dealt with and identify
VIII
the most relevant components and related links, thus enabling him to build simple and
complex models at the same time, which were often very elegant.
The ideas of graph and of network flow were the basis of many of his models, sometimes
developed with a surprising ingenuity, always with great expertise. Alongside his particular
taste for models, Paolo showed remarkable sensitivity in the computational aspects and an
ability to set up efficient and original algorithms for solving the particular problems he was
faced with.
He was a mature and complete operations researcher, this meant he would wish to see
through his methods to the experimental stage. In fact it was in this direction that his research
and experimentation was going, which he was coordinating within the framework of the
Project on Transportation Research funded by the Italian National Research Council. On
various occasions he had the satisfaction of seeing his proposals in practical use, with
optimal results, in fact the software he developed for crew and vehicle scheduling is still in
use in several Italian public transport companies.
In a mutually fruitful relationship with this more applied research, Paolo continued to
develop a high level methodological research in optimisation, specifically discrete optimisa
tion. At this point we would like to recall the innovative works on the determination of
k-shortest paths in oriented graphs and on the solution to minimum cost bipartite matching
[3,7].
Recently he had investigated the quadratic assignment problem. We think one can safely
say that his results are some of the most relevant and innovative in the study and solution
of this problem, one of the most difficult ones in combinatorial optimisation [11, 12, 14].
This research had triggered off another line on e-optimality conditions for OIl quadratic
optimisation, whose fIrst results would seem to be very interesting and original [16]. More
recently still, as a further demonstration of the sheer breadth of this interests, he had been
working at the development a new "bundle" algorithm to maximise piecewise linear concave
functions.
Other areas of his research would surely deserve mentioning, but we hope from those we
have briefly outlined that an idea of the extent and richness of Paolo Carraresi's scientific
activity has emerged. Merely listing his lines of research alone, however, can by no means
give a true picture of the profound loss that Paolo's death instilled in those who knew him
and worked with him.
One could point to the style that animated his research: friendship, willingness to help along
with an open mind. Always ready to listen, he was never afraid to share his ideas with
colleagues and collaborators. He always committed himself with enthusiasm, generosity
and dedication in common research projects. Without ever trying to cut short on his own
time and energy Paolo had managed to create in our research group an atmosphere of
friendship, discussion, and exchange of ideas, in such a way that every particular research
activity - whoever was involved in it - would appear to be part of a common project, a
collective action.
IX
And it is precisely this, rather than his research results however important, the very legacy
which Paolo Carraresi has left us. His example has already left its mark on the style of work
of students and researchers who worked alongside him, and it will stay alive in all those
fortunate enough to have met and worked with him.
Giorgio Gallo and Stefano Pallottino
Bibliography
[1] Mathematical Programming Study, 20 (1982) 39 -53.
[2] ThUlsportations Research, 168 (1982) 383 -397.
[3] ZOR -Mathematical Methods of Operations Research,45 (1983) 177 -188.
[4] European Journal of Operational Research, 16 (1984) 163 -173.
[5] European Journal of Operational Research, 16 (1984) 139 -151.
[6] Computer Scheduling of Public Transport 2, J.-M. Rousseau editor
(North Holland) (1985) 319 -324.
[7] European Journal of Operatiooal Research, 16 (1986) 86 -93.
[8] Ricerca Operativa, 38 (1986) 121 -150.
[9] Networks, 17 (1987) 271-281.
[10] Computer-Aided ThUlsit Scheduling. J.R. Daduna and A. Wren editors, (Springer) (1988)
68 -82.
[11] Ricerca Operativa, 47 (1988) 3 -32.
[12] Operations Research, 40 (1992) s22 -s27.
[13] Annals on Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, 8 (1993) 247 -270.
[14] Quadratic Assignment and related topics. P. Pardalos and H. Wolkowicz editors,
Dimacs Series in Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science (to appear).
[15] Industrial Application of Optimization: Models for decision making. A. Sciomachen editor,
(J. Wtley) (to appear).
[16] ZOR -Mathematical Methods of Operations Research (to appear).
Foreword
This proceedings volume consists of papers presented at the Sixth International Workshop
on Computer-Aided Scheduling of Public Transpon, which was held at the Fund~lio
Calouste Gulbenkian in Lisbon from July 6th to 9th, 1993.
In the tradition of alternating Workshops between North America and Europe -Chicago
(1975), Leeds (1980), Montreal (1983), Hamburg (1987) and again Montreal (1990), the
European city of Lisbon was selected as the venue for the Workshop in 1993. As in earlier
Workshops, the central theme dealt with vehicle and duty scheduling problems and the
employment of operations-research-based software systems for operational planning in
public transport.
However, as was initiated in Hamburg in 1987, the scope of this Workshop was broadened
to include topics in related fields. This fundamental alteration was an inevitable consequence
of the growing demand over the last decade for solutions to the complete planning process
in public transport through integrated systems. Therefore, the program of this workshop
included sections which dealt with scheduling problems and computerized systems for
operational planning as well as sections on network planning and data management.
Many of the papers presented bore witness to the rapid evolution in hardware equipment
and software techniques, which provides for a successful development in research and
application. From this point of view we must recognize that the state-of-the-art deve
lopments in this field can only represent a first but important step in solving the complex
problems of planning and operational control in public transport, despite some excellent
solutions for specific problem areas.
This Workshop was organized by the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Lisbon in
co-operation with the Program Committee, which consists of the following members:
Jose M. Pinto Paixiio; Lishoa, Portugal (Chairman)
Isabel M. Branco; Lishoa, Portugal
Paolo Carraresi; Pisa, Italy
Avishai Ceder; Haifa, Israel
Joachim R. Daduna; Berlin, Germany
Rui Guimariies; Pono, Portugal
Jean-Marc Rousseau; Montreal, Canada
Nigel Wilson; Cambridge, Mass., United Staates
Anthony Wren; Leeds, United Kingdom
During the Workshop a total of thirty-nine papers were presented from various feilds of
research and application. As in the previous years, a parallel exhibition for software
XII
demonstrations accompanied the Workshop to demonstrate state-of-the-art systems for
computer-aided planning in public transport.
The Program Committee has selected 24 papers to be included in this proceedings volume
of the Sixth International Workshop. These papers are organized into six sections, in
accordance with the main topics of the Workshop. The papers of Section I deal with
problems of network planning, a field which is becoming increasingly important in public
transport research, especially with regard to the employment of operations-research techni
ques. Consequently, this section contains more interesting papers than were presented at
previous Workshops.
Sections 2 -4 contain papers concerning the classical field of research in computer-aided
planning in public transport, the problems of vehicle scheduling, as well as duty scheduling
and rostering respectively. The main objective of these papers is to present procedures for
solving combinatiorial problems with complex structures, especially by incoporating the
latest concepts of research. Related areas in scheduling are also included. Section 5 deals
with vehicle monitoring and operational control from the point of view of achieving a more
efficient operation. The last section contains papers concerning the employment of compu
ter-aided systems in applications.
For the success of the Workshop we are greatly indebted to its below-mentioned sponsors,
whose generous contributions are greatly appreciated.
APDIO Associariio Portuguesa para 0 Desenvolvimento da Investigariio Operacional
CARRIS Companhia Caminhos de Ferro de Lisboa, S.A.
DEIO Departamento de Estatistica e Investigariio Operacional
DI Departamento de Infonruitia
Empresa BARRAQUEIRO Joaquim Jer6nimo, Lda.
EURO The European Association of Operations Research Societies
FCL Faculdade de Ciencias de Lisboa
FCG Fundariio Calouste Gulbenkian
IFORS The International Federation of Operations Research Societies
UITP Union International des Transportes Publiques
Looking ahead we hope to make considerable progress in the fields of research and
application by the next Workshop, the Seventh International Workshop on Computer-Aided
Scheduling of Public Transport, to be organized by Nigel Wilson at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Mass in the United States.
Joachim R.Daduna Isabel M. Branco Jose M. Pinto Paixao
Berlin Lisboa Lisboa