Computer Aided Seismic and Fire Retrofitting Analysis of Existing High Rise Reinforced Concrete Buildings

129 Pages·2016·2.63 MB·English

by  Raja Rizwan Hussain

Solid Mechanics and Its Applications
Raja Rizwan Hussain
Muhammad Wasim
Saeed Hasan
Computer Aided Seismic
and Fire Retrofitting
Analysis of Existing High
Rise Reinforced Concrete
Buildings
Solid Mechanics and Its Applications
Volume 222
Series editors
J.R. Barber, Ann Arbor, USA
Anders Klarbring, Linköping, Sweden
Founding editor
G.M.L. Gladwell, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Aims and Scope of the Series
Thefundamentalquestionsarisinginmechanicsare:Why?,How?,andHowmuch?
The aim of this series is to provide lucid accounts written by authoritative
researchersgivingvisionandinsightinansweringthesequestionsonthesubjectof
mechanics as it relates to solids.
The scope of the series covers the entire spectrum of solid mechanics. Thus it
includes the foundation of mechanics; variational formulations; computational
mechanics; statics, kinematics and dynamics of rigid and elastic bodies: vibrations
of solids and structures; dynamical systems and chaos; the theories of elasticity,
plasticity and viscoelasticity; composite materials; rods, beams, shells and
membranes; structural control and stability; soils, rocks and geomechanics;
fracture; tribology; experimental mechanics; biomechanics and machine design.
Themedianlevelofpresentationistothefirstyeargraduatestudent.Sometexts
aremonographs definingthecurrentstateofthefield; othersareaccessibletofinal
year undergraduates; but essentially the emphasis is on readability and clarity.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6557
Raja Rizwan Hussain Muhammad Wasim
(cid:129)
Saeed Hasan
Computer Aided Seismic
fi
and Fire Retro tting Analysis
of Existing High Rise
Reinforced Concrete
Buildings
123
RajaRizwan Hussain Saeed Hasan
Civil EngineeringDepartment, Civil EngineeringDepartment
Collegeof Engineering RMIT University
KingSaud University Melbourne, VIC
Riyadh Australia
SaudiArabia
Muhammad Wasim
Schoolof Civil Environmental
andChemical Engineering
RMIT University
Melbourne, VIC
Australia
ISSN 0925-0042 ISSN 2214-7764 (electronic)
Solid MechanicsandIts Applications
ISBN978-94-017-7296-9 ISBN978-94-017-7297-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-7297-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015945605
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2016
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor
foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.DordrechtispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia
(www.springer.com)
Synopsis of the Book
Thisbookaimsatdetailedanalysisandstructuraldesignofhighrisebuildingswith
real-life examples. The knowledge of design of high buildings for gravity and
seismic loading is highly essential for upcoming engineers to work in the actual
field efficiently. The various structural analysis and design aspects for high rise
buildings aretaughtintheundergraduatelevelbutnotinfulldepth. Therefore,the
objectiveofthisbookistounderstandtheanalysisanddesignofhighrisebuildings
forgravityandseismicanalysis.Sincedesigningforgravityandseismicisusualin
the actual field but retrofitting of high rise building is less common, it is highly
importantforstudy.Inthisreport,retrofittingtechniquesarealsoproposedforhigh
risebuildingstakingintoaccountthegravityandseismicloads.Theunderstanding
of current software for design is the need of the hour, especially for design struc-
tural engineers. Therefore, ETABS was used for analysis of gravity and for
earthquake loads. The gravity analysis and design is based on ACI-99 and earth-
quake analysis is based on UBC-97. Furthermore, FRP retrofitting and fire retro-
fitting are also discussed in detail by manual approach.
Dr. Raja Rizwan Hussain
Engr. Muhammad Wasim
Md Saeed Hasan
v
Preface
Earthquakes have long been feared as one of nature’s most terrifying phenomena
due to its destruction power. Without any prior warning, the earthquake can and
does, in a few seconds, create a level of death and destruction that can only be
equaled by the most extreme weapons of war. The earthquake damage is almost
entirelyassociatedwithman-madestructuressuchasbuildings,dams,bridges,etc.
Inthecurrentcontext,preventionofdisasterscausedbyearthquakehasbecome
significantly important. Disaster prevention includes the reduction of seismic risk
throughretrofittingexistingbuildingsinordertomeetseismicsafetyrequirements.
To make alterations to existing buildings in comparison to new construction, the
planninghastobedifferent.Theexistingconstructionmustbetakenasthebasisfor
all planning and building actions.
In developed countries, the codes were changed and new codes were prepared,
which contain the provision of lateral loads. The new structures can be built suf-
ficiently earthquake resistant by adopting these new design methodologies and
controlling the construction quality at a higher level. However, existing old
structures, which have mostly been planned without considering this important
aspect, stands at enormous seismic risk.
The objective of this book is to understand the analysis and design of high-rise
buildingforgravityandseismicanalysis.Thedesigningofstructureforgravityand
seismic is usual in the real field. However, retrofitting of high-rise building is less
common, though it is very important to study. In this analysis, retrofitting tech-
niquesarealsoproposedforhigh-risebuildingstakingintoaccountthegravityand
seismic loads. The understanding of the current software for design is the need
ofthehour,especiallyfordesign structuralengineers. InthisanalysisETABS was
usedforgravityandearthquakeloads. Thegravityanalysis anddesignisbased on
ACI-99andearthquakeanalysisisbasedonUBC-97.Furthermore,FRPretrofitting
and fire retrofitting is also discussed in detail by manual approach.
This book covers all features of assessment of the retrofitting of existing struc-
tures,andtheauthorsofthebookbelievethatitwillbeofimmenseusetothestudent
community, academicians, consultants, practicing professional engineers/scientists
vii
viii Preface
involved in planning, design, execution, inspection and supervision for proper ret-
rofitting of buildings.
The authors will be pleased to hear from the readers with positive feedback to
improve the book quality, and also to erase the errors and misprints. This will be
highly regarded and will be acknowledged accordingly.
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Damages to Reinforced Concrete Structures and Lives
in Past Earthquake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Scope and Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Related Reviews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Definition of Retrofitting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.2 Seismic Design Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Retrofitting Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 Structure System-Level Rehabilitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.1 Member-Level Rehabilitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3 Introduction to ETABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2 Building Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 Building Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4 Analytical Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5 Analysis Output Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6 ETABS Nonlinear Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.7 Specialization for Static Pushover Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.8 Dynamic Nonlinear Analysis Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.8.1 Nonlinear Link Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.8.2 The Wilson FNA Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
ix
x Contents
3.9 The Element Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.9.1 The 3D Beam/Column/Brace (Frame) Element . . . . . . . . 19
3.9.2 The 3D Wall/Slab/Deck (Shell) Element. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.10 Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.10.1 Concrete Frame Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4 Structural Evaluation for Gravity Loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 Building Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3 Pictorial View of the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.4 Software Used for Analysis and Designing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.4.1 Introduction of ETABS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.4.2 Fundamental Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4.3 Modeling Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4.4 Loading Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4.5 Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4.6 Advantages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.5 Analysis and Design Procedure Using ETABS Software. . . . . . . 27
4.6 Analysis Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.6.1 Grid Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.6.2 Load Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.6.3 Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.7 Analysis Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.7.1 Column Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.7.2 Beam Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.7.3 Validation of Software Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.7.4 Dead Load of a Single Story. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.7.5 Live Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.7.6 Total Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.7.7 Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5 Seismic Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.2 Design Code for Earthquake Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.2.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.3 Basis for Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.3.1 Occupancy Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.3.2 Site Geology and Soil Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.3.3 Soil Profile Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.3.4 Seismic Zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.3.5 Seismic Response Coefficients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42