Table Of Content

Computer-Aided Highway Engineering Computer-Aided Highway Engineering Sandipan Goswami and Pradip Sarkar First edition published 2021 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN First edition published by CRC Press 2021 CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. 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ISBN: 978-0-367-49338-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-49397-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-04583-0 (ebk) Typeset in Times by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive) Dedication I, Sandipan Goswami, dedicate this work to my parents Mr. Mrinal Kanti Goswami and Mrs. Snigdha Goswami And also, to all my colleagues & friends in India and Malaysia who helped me learn and gather knowledge on the subject Contents Preface ....................................................................................................................xxv Acknowledgment ..................................................................................................xxix Chapter 1 Project Overview and Highway Engineering ..........................................1 1.1 General ...........................................................................................1 1.2 Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) Annuity Model .......................2 1.2.1 Concessions, Build Operate Transfer (BOT), and Design Build ...............................................................2 1.2.1.1 Operate (DBO) Projects ......................................2 1.2.2 Overview of Concessions, BOTs, and DBO Projects ........2 1.2.3 Key Features ......................................................................3 1.2.3.1 Concessions ........................................................3 1.2.3.2 BOT Projects .......................................................4 1.2.4 Contractual Structure .........................................................6 1.3 The Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) ...............................................6 1.3.1 The Importance ..................................................................7 1.3.2 Why the Project Authority, Developer Builder and Public Should Care ............................................................7 1.4 Feasibility Study ............................................................................8 1.4.1 Preparation of Feasibility Studies Report (FSR) ...............8 1.5 Detail Project Report (DPR) ..........................................................9 1.5.1 Preparing the DPR .............................................................9 1.5.1.1 Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................9 1.5.1.2 Chapter 2: Socioeconomic Profile ....................10 1.5.1.3 Chapter 3: Traffic Surveys, Analysis, and Forecast .............................................................10 1.5.1.4 Chapter 4: Engineering Surveys and Investigation Report ..........................................11 1.5.1.5 Chapter 5: Improvement Proposals and Preliminary Design ...........................................11 1.5.1.6 Chapter 6: Cost Estimate ..................................12 1.5.1.7 Chapter 7: Conclusion ......................................12 Bibliography ..........................................................................................12 Chapter 2 Design Standards ...................................................................................13 2.1 General .........................................................................................13 2.2 Highway Detail Engineering ........................................................13 2.2.1 Design Criteria .................................................................13 vii viii Contents 2.2.2 Terrain Classification ....................................................13 2.2.3 Lane Requirement .........................................................14 2.2.4 Lane Width ....................................................................14 2.2.5 Shoulders .......................................................................14 2.2.6 Medians .........................................................................15 2.2.7 Side Slopes ....................................................................15 2.2.8 Right of Way (ROW) .....................................................15 2.2.9 Cross Sectional Elements ..............................................16 2.2.10 Super Elevation .............................................................16 2.2.11 Plain and Rolling Terrain ..............................................16 2.2.12 Hilly Terrain ..................................................................16 2.2.13 Standards for Interchange Elements..............................16 2.2.14 Median Openings ..........................................................17 2.2.15 Underpasses/Cattle Crossings .......................................17 2.2.16 Standards for Interchanges ............................................18 2.2.17 Standards for At-Grade Intersections ............................19 2.2.18 Subsurface Drainage .....................................................19 2.2.19 Surface Drainage ...........................................................19 2.2.20 Design Standards for Bridges/Structures ......................19 2.2.21 Width of New Bridges ...................................................20 2.2.22 Minor Bridges ...............................................................21 2.2.23 Major Bridges................................................................21 2.2.24 Rail Over Bridges (ROBs) ............................................21 2.2.25 Underpasses...................................................................21 2.2.26 Flyovers .........................................................................22 2.2.27 Planning for New Bridges .............................................22 2.2.28 Planning for New Culverts ............................................22 2.2.29 Design Loading .............................................................23 2.2.30 Carriageway Live Load .................................................23 2.2.31 Tractive and Braking Force ...........................................23 2.2.32 Footpath Live Load .......................................................24 2.2.33 Wind Forces ..................................................................24 2.2.34 Seismic Forces ..............................................................24 2.2.35 Buoyancy Effects ..........................................................24 2.2.36 Codes and Publications .................................................24 2.2.37 Deck Levels of Structures .............................................24 2.3 Roadway Capacity and Levels of Service (LOS) ........................25 2.3.1 Level of Service (LOS) .................................................25 2.3.2 Design Vehicle ...............................................................25 2.3.3 Capacity Analysis ..........................................................25 2.4 Design Speed ...............................................................................27 2.4.1 Driving Speed ................................................................27 2.4.2 Selecting of Design Speed ............................................27 2.4.3 Effect of Terrain ............................................................27 Contents ix 2.4.4 Posted Speed Related to Design Speed ...........................28 2.4.5 Existing Roads .................................................................29 2.4.6 Locations of Changing Design Speed .............................29 2.4.7 Interchanges .....................................................................29 2.4.8 Reduction Below Standards .............................................30 2.5 Sight Distance ..............................................................................30 2.5.1 General ............................................................................30 2.5.2 Driver’s Eye Height and Object Height ...........................30 2.5.3 Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) .......................................31 2.5.4 Safe Passing Sight Distance (SPSD) or Overtaking Sight Distance (OSD) ......................................................32 2.5.5 Decision Sight Distance (DSD) .......................................33 2.5.6 Maintaining Sight Distances ............................................35 2.5.7 Provision of Safe Passing Site Distance ..........................35 Bibliography ..........................................................................................35 Chapter 3 Introduction to Computer Applications .................................................37 3.1 General .........................................................................................37 3.2 Topographical Maps or Aerial Survey Data Processing ..............37 3.3 Processing of Topographic Survey Data by Total Station Instrument ...............................................................38 3.4 Processing of Cross Section Survey Data by Autolevel Instrument ....................................................................39 3.5 Processing of Bearing Line Survey Data .....................................39 3.6 Processing of Ground Elevation Data by Satellite Downloaded from Internet .............................................40 3.7 The Contours are Superimposed on the Satellite Imagery ....................................................................40 3.8 Ground Modeling .........................................................................41 3.9 Triangulation and Contours .........................................................41 3.10 Tutorial Videos .............................................................................42 3.11 New Highway or Low-Cost Rural Road Design with Uniform Single or Dual Carriageway ..........................................42 3.12 New Highway, Expressway, or Freeway Design with Multiple Sections .........................................................................42 3.13 Highway, Expressway, or Freeway Widening with Multiple Sections .........................................................................43 3.14 Hill Road Design ..........................................................................43 3.15 Design of At-Grade Intersections .................................................43 3.16 Design of Multi-Level Grade Separated Interchanges .................44 3.17 Design of Flexible and Rigid Pavement .......................................44 3.18 Design of Highway Drainage .......................................................44 3.19 Modes of Data Processing ...........................................................44 3.19.1 New/Open Project Workspace .........................................45