Computer-Aided Design of Analog Integrated Circuits and Systems

744 Pages·2016·187.58 MB·English

by  Rutenbar R.A.

Computer-Aided Design of
Analog Integrated Circuits
and Systems
IEEEPress
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M. S. Newman
KennethMoore,DirectorofIEEEPress
CatherineFaduska,SeniorAcquisitionsEditor
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TonyVenGraitis,ProjectEditor
TechnicalReviewers
RickCarley, CarnegieMellon
JohnCohn,IBM
TarnalMukherjee, CarnegieMellon
EmilOchotta,Xilinx
WillySansen,Katholieke UniversiteitLeuven
Computer-Aided Design of
Analog Integrated Circuits
and Systems
Editedby
Rob A. Rutenbar
Georges G. E. Gielen
Brian A. Antao
A Selected ReprintVolume
+IEEE
IEEE Press
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Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments Xl
PartI IntroductiontoAnalogCAD
Computer-AidedDesignofAnalogand Mixed-SignalIntegratedCircuits 3
Georges G. E. Gielgen andRobA. Rutenbar
DesignofMixed-SignalSystems-on-a-Chip 31
Ken Kundert, Henry Chang, DanJejJeries, Gilles Lamant, EnricoMalavasi, andFredSendig
Part II Analog Synthesis
IDAC:An InteractiveDesignToolforAnalogCMOS Circuits 45
Marc G. R. Degrauwe, OlivierNys, EvertDijkstra, lejRijmenants, SergeBitz, BernardL.A. G. GojJart,
EricA. Vittoz, Stefan Cserveny, ChristianMeixenberger, G. Van DerStappen, andHenri1. Oguey
OPASYN:A Complilerfor CMOSOperationalAmplifiers 56
HanYoungKoh, CarloH. Sequin, andPaulR. Gra.v
OASYS:AFrameworkforAnalogCircuitSynthesis 69
Ramesh Harjani, RobA. Rutenbar, andL. RichardCarley
AnalogCircuitDesignOptimization Basedon Symbolic Simulation and SimulatedAnnealing 89
Georges G. E. Gielen, Herman C. C. Walscharts. andWillyM. C. Sansen
STAIC:AnInteractive Frameworkfor SynthesizingCMOS and BiCMOSAnalogCircuits 97
1. PaulHarvey, MohamedI. ElmasryandBosco Leung
IntegerProgrammingBasedTopologySelectionofCell-LevelAnalogCircuits 113
Prabir C. Maulik. L. RichardCarley, andRobA. Rutenbar
ARCHGEN:Automated SynthesisofAnalog Systems 125
BrianA.A.AntaoandArthurJ Brodersen
DARWIN: CMOSOpamp Synthesis by Means ofaGeneticAlgorithm 139
Wim Kruiskamp andDomineLeenaerts
AMGIE:A SynthesisEnvironmentfor CMOSAnalog Integrated Circuits 145
GeertVan derPlas, GeertDebyser, Francky Leyn, Koen Lampaert, Jan Vandenbussche, Georges Gielen,
andWilly Sansen
AHigh-LevelDesignandOptimizationToolforAnalogRF ReceiverFront-Ends 160
Jan Crols, StephaneDonnay, MichielSteyaert, andGeorges Gielen
A StatisticalOptimization-BasedApproach forAutomated SizingofAnalogCells 164
F Medeiro, F VFernandez, R. Dominguez-Castro, andA. Rodriguez-Vazquez
SynthesisofHigh-PerformanceAnalog CircuitsinASTRXlOBLX 168
EmilS. Ochotta, RobA. Rutenbar, andL. RichardCarley
MAELSTROM: Efficient Simulation-Based Synthesisfor CustomAnalogCells 190
MichaelKrasnicki, Rodne))Phelps, RobA. ｒ ｵ ｴ ･ ｮ ｨ ｡ Ｌ (cid:44) andL. RichardCarley
v
Anaconda: Simulation-Based SynthesisofAnalogCircuitsVia Stochastic Pattern Search 196
RodneyPhelps, MichaelKrasnicki, RobA. Rutenbar, L. RichardCarley, andJamesR. Hellums
ACaseStudyofSynthesisfor Industrial-ScaleAnalogIP: Redesign oftheEqualizer/FilterFrontendfor an
ADSL CODEC 211
RodneyPhelps, MichaelJ. Krasnicki, RobA. Rutenbar, L. RichardCarley, andJamesR. Hellums
WiCkeD:AnalogCircuitSynthesisIncorporatingMismatch 217
K.Antreich,J. Eckmueller, H. Graeb, M Pronath, F:Schenkel, R. Schwencker, andS. Zizala
OptimalDesignofaCMOSOp-AmpviaGeometricProgramming 221
Maria delMarHershenson, StephenR Boyd, andThomasH. Lee
PartIII SymbolicAnalysis
TechniquesandApplicationsofSymbolicAnalysisforAnalogIntegratedCircuits:ATutorialOverview 245
Georges G. E. Gielen
FlowgraphAnalysisofLargeElectronicNetworks 262
JanuszA. StarzykandA. Konczykowska
ISAAC:ASymbolicSimulatorforAnalogIntegratedCircuits 276
Georges G. Gielen, Herman C. C. Walscharts, andWillyM C. Sansen
InteractiveAC ModelingandCharacterizationofAnalogCircuitsvia SymbolicAnalysis 287
F: J(Fernandez,A. Rodriguez-Vazquez, andJ. L. Huertas
SSCNAP:AProgramfor SymbolicAnalysisofSwitchedCapacitorCircuits 313
BixiaLiandDeren Gu
EfficientSymbolicComputationofApproximated Small-SignalCharacteristicsofAnalogIntegratedCircuits 320
PietWambacq, J(Fernandez, Georges Gielen, WillySansen, andAngelRodriguez-Vazquez
EfficientApproximationofSymbolicNetworkFunctionsUsingMatroidIntersectionAlgorithms 324
QichengYu andCarlSechen
High-FrequencyDistortionAnalysisofAnalogIntegratedCircuits 333
PietWambacq, Georges G. E. Gielen, PeterR. Kinget, andWillySansen
CanonicalSymbolicAnalysisofLargeAnalogCircuitswithDeterminantDecisionDiagrams 344
C.-J. RichardShiandXiang-DongTan
PartIV AnalogLayout
LayoutToolsforAnalogICs andMixed-SignalSoCs:ASurvey 365
RobA. RutenbarandJohn M Cohn
ILAC:AnAutomatedLayoutToolforAnalogCMOSCircuits 373
JejRijmenants, JamesB. Litsios, ThomasR. Schwartz, andMarc G. R. Degrauwe
KOAN/ANAGRAMII: NewToolsforDevice-LevelAnalogPlacementandRouting 382
John M Cohn, DavidJ. Garrod, RobA. Rutenbar, andL. RichardCarley
AutomaticGenerationofParasiticConstraintsforPerformance-ConstrainedPhysicalDesignofAnalogCircuits 395
Umakanta ChoudhuryandAlbertoSangiovanni-Vincentelli
Performance-DrivenCompactionforAnalogIntegratedCircuits 412
EricFelt, EnricoMalavasi, Edoardo Charbon, RobertoTotaro, andAlbertoSangiovanni-Vincentelli
AutomationofICLayoutwithAnalogConstraints 417
EnricoMalavasi, Edoardo Charbon, EricFelt, andAlbertoSangiovanni-Vincentelli
APerformance-DrivenPlacementToolforAnalogIntegratedCircuits 437
Koen Lampaert, Georges Gielen, andWillyM. Sansen
OptimumCMOS StackGenerationwithAnalogConstraints 445
EnricoMalavasiandDavidePandini
vi
Substrate-Aware Mixed-Signal MacrocellPlacement inWRIGHT 461
SujoyMitra, RobA. Rurenhat: L. RichardCarley. andDavid.J AIL,;ot
System-LevelRoutingofMixed-SignalASICs inWREN 471
SujoyMitra, Sudip K. IVag, RobA. Rutenbar, andL.RichardCarley
Addressing Substrate Coupling in Mixed-Mode IC's: Simulationand PowerDistributionSynthesis 473
BalshaR. Stanisic, Nishath K. Verghese, RobA. Rutenbar, L. RichardCarley, andDavidJ Allstot
Mondriaan:AToolforAutomated LayoutSynthesisofArray-TypeAnalogBlocks 490
G. Van derPlas, J Vandenbussche, G. Gielen, andWSansen
Device-LevelEarlyFloorplanningAlgorithmsfor RF Circuits 494
MehmetAktuna, RobA. Rutenbar, andL. Carley
PartV AnalogModelingAnalysis
MacromodelingofIntegratedCircuitOperationalAmplifiers 511
GreameR. Boyle, BarryM. Cohn, DonaldO. Pederson, andJames E. Solomon
A MacromodelingAlgorithm forAnalogCircuits 523
Giorgio CasinoviandAlbertoSangiovanni-Vincentelli
ConsistencyCheckingand OptimizationofMacromodels 534
Yun-Chen Ju, VasantB. Rao, andResveA. Saleh
Computer-AidedDesignConsiderationsfor Mixed-SignalCouplingin RF Integrated Circuits 545
Nishath K. Verghese andDavidJ Allstot
Integration and Electrical Isolation in CMOS Mixed-SignalWireless Chips 555
RobertC. Frye
PartVI SpecializedAnalog Simulation
SimulatingandTestingOversampledAnalog-to-DigitalConverters 569
BernhardE. Boser, Klaus-PeterKarmann, Horst Martin, andBruceA. Wooley
SimulationofMixed Switched-Capacitor/DigitalNetworks with Signal-Driven Switches 576
Ken Suyama, San-Chin Fang, andYannis P Tsividis
BehavioralSimulation forAnalog System DesignVerification 587
BrianA.A.AntaoandArthur1 Brodersen
MultilevelandMixed-Domain SimulationofAnalogCircuits and Systems 600
ResveA. Saleh, BrianA.A.Antao, andJaidip Singh
SimulationMethodsfor RF Integrated Circuits 615
Ken Kundert
VHDL-AMS-AHardware Description LanguageforAnalogand Mixed-SignalApplications 629
ErnstChristen andKenneth Bakalar
PartVII Analog CenteringandYield Optimization
DELIGHT.SPICE:An Optimization-Based System for the DesignofIntegratedCircuits 641
William Nye, DavidC. Riley,AlbertoSangiovanni-Vincentelli, and14ndreL. Tits
DesignCenteringbyYieldPrediction 660
Kurt1 AntreichandRudolfK. Koblitz
StatisticalIntegrated CircuitDesign 668
Stephan WDirector, PeterFeldmann, andKannan Krishna
YieldOptimizationofAnolog IC'sUsingTwo-StepAnalytic ModelingMethods 678
Carlo Guardiani, Primo Scandolara, Jacques Benkoski, andGermanoNicollini
CircuitAnalysis andOptimization DrivenbyWorst-CaseDistances 684
KurtJ Antreich, HelmutE. Graeb, andClaudia [/ Wieser
vii
EfficientAnalogCircuitSynthesiswith SimultaneousYieldandRobustness Optimization 699
GeertDebyserandGeorges Gielen
EfficientHandlingofOperatingRange andManufacturingLineVariationsinAnalogCellSynthesis 703
TarnalMukherjee, L. RichardCarley, andRobA. Rutenbar
TheGeneralizedBoundaryCurve-ACommonMethodforAutomaticNominalDesign andDesignCentering
ofAnalogCircuits 718
R. Schwencker, F:Schenkel, H Graeb, andK.Antreich
PartVIII AnalogTest
Metrics,TechniquesandRecentDevelopmentsinMixed-SignalTesting 727
Gordon WRoberts
ATutorialIntroductiontoResearchonAnalogandMixed-SignalCircuitTesting 735
LindaS. Milor
AbouttheEditors 754
viii
Preface
Tenyearsago, analogseemedtobeadead-endtechnology, oratbesta"niche"areatobetoleratedasanecessaryevil.Theworld
was inevitably becoming digital-what do we need from analog? Today, the world is amazingly digital, and yet the inevitable
consequence is an explosion ofanalog design interest. Anever-increasinglevel ofintegration is the hallmarkoftoday's IC mar
ket. Completesystemsthatpreviouslyoccupiedoneormoreboardsarenowintegratedonafewchipsorevenononechip- aso
calledSystem-on-Chip (SoC). Althoughmostfunctions in such integratedsystems are implementedwithdigital ordigital signal
processing (DSP) circuitry, the circuits needed at the interface betweenthe electronics andthe continuous-valuedoutside world
are analogcircuits.These analog interfacecomponentsarebeingintegratedonthe samedie forreasons ofcostandperformance.
ModemSoCdesigns aretherefore increasinglymixed-signaldesigns, andthiswillevenbemoreprevalentinthe future.
Interestingly, thishasputsignificantpressure onthe CADtools andmethodologiesthat supportthe analogparts ofthese sys
temdesigns.Although analog circuitstypicallyoccupy only asmall fraction ofthe total areaofmixed-signal ICs, theirdesign is
oftenthebottleneckinmixed-signal systems, indesigntimeandeffortaswellastestcost.Analogcomponentsareembarrassing
ly oftenthe onesresponsible for chip-level design errors andexpensive reruns.Andthe situation is getting worse. Justas deeply
scaledCMOStechnologieshavecomplicatedthedesignofdigitalfunctions withissuessuchascomplexitymanagementandpre
dictable timing closure, likewisethese deeply scaledtechnologies complicatethe analog subsystems on SoC designs. Since ana
logcircuitsexploit(ratherthanabstractaway)the low-levelphysics ofthe fabricationprocess, theyremaindifficultandcostlyto
design, validate, andreuse.
In the digital domain, we have come to depend on the ability ofCAD tools to synthesize our logic, map it onto arbitrary li
braries, transform logic to layout, verify layout against logic, and optimize both to meet tight timing/power goals. Indeed, the
ASIC revolutionofthe 1990swouldhavebeenimpossiblewithoutthese designautomationtools.
So, where arethe analogCADtools?This volume is ourattemptto answerthe question.Althoughthemostcommonstrategy
for analog is still hand-crafted full-custom design one transistorat atime, one polygon at atime-the situation is now changing
rapidly. Today, new circuit andphysical synthesis tools are designing practical analog circuits; newmodeling and analysis tools
are allowing rapid exploration ofsystem-level alternatives; new simulation tools are giving accurate answers for analog circuit
behaviors and interactions thatwere considered impossibleto handle only afew years ago. Ourgoal for this volumehasbeento
collectinoneplacetheessential setofanalogCADpapersthatformthe foundation forthewealthofnewanalogdesignautoma
tionworkwe seetoday.
Someofthesepapershavebeenselectedto givethereaderabetterunderstandingofthehistoryofthefield, whileothersreal
lypresentasnapshotofstateofthe art inaparticulartopic. Wehave organizedthepapers into eightareas:
I. IntroductiontoAnalogCAD: two general surveypapers, givingabroadoverviewofthefield.
II. AnalogSynthesis: techniquestotransformperformance specificationsinto sizedcircuits.
III. SymbolicAnalysis: techniques to extractsymbolicperformanceequationsfrom analogcircuits.
IV AnalogLayout: techniquesto transformfrom circuittomask, forcellsandformixed-signal systems.
V Analog Modeling Analysis: techniques to fit reduced/simplified macromodels for analog circuits, and analysis
methods for commonanalogconcerns suchas couplingandnoise isolation.
VI. Specialized Analog Simulation: techniques to simulate over-sampled converters, switched-capacitor filters, mixed
analog/digital circuits,behaviorallyrepresentedcircuits, andradio frequency (RF) designs.
VII. AnalogCenteringandYieldOptimization: techniquesto optimizeanalogdesigns formanufacturingyield.
VIII. AnalogTest: techniques totestanalogandmixed-signal designs.
Ofcourse, given this extremely broad range oftopics, space limitations have forced many difficult trade-offs; many worthy
papers could not be included. As a result, we have chosen to emphasize in this volume the synthesis related topics (parts II
IV), and then to specialize the modeling (partV), simulation (partVI) and optimization (partVII) areas to problems unique to
analogmacromodelingandanalogverification, andto limitthetestwork(partVIII)to onlyafew broadsurveypapers. Withthe
ix
material contained inthis volume, the energetic reader shouldbe able to gain a solidunderstanding ofthe historical progress in
this area, andagoodglobalpictureofthe currentstate ofthe art inanalog CAD.This bookistherefore intendednotonlyforre
searchers inthe field, butalso CAD professionalsresponsible for implementing ormaintaining analog /mixed-signal tools, and
the circuitdesignerswho dependontheresultingtools.
ROBA. RUTENBAR
GEORGESG. E. GIELEN
BRIANA.ANTAO
May2002
x