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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Edited by Luca Saba COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY – CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Edited by Luca Saba Computed Tomography – Clinical Applications Edited by Luca Saba Copyright © 2011 All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Masa Vidovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright Tyler Olson, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published December, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Computed Tomography – Clinical Applications, Edited by Luca Saba p. cm. ISBN-10 953-307-378-0 ISBN-13 978-953-307-378-1 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Clinical Application 1 Chapter 1 Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Acute Stroke in CT Images 3 Yongbum Lee, Noriyuki Takahashi and Du-Yih Tsai Chapter 2 3D-CT Mammary Lymphography Facilitate the Endoscopic Sentinel Node Biopsy 29 Koji Yamashita, Shunsuke Haga and Kazuo Shimizu Chapter 3 CT Aided Postoperative Breast Conservation Brachytherapy Irradiation 41 D. O. Odero Chapter 4 Application of CT Scanning in the Studies of Minimal Invasive Thoracoscopic Surgery of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis 59 Yong Qiu Chapter 5 Endoscopic Vidian Neurectomy: The Anatomy Consideration and Preoperative Images Analysis 85 Wan-Fu Su, Shao-Cheng Liu and Hsing-Won Wang Chapter 6 Phase Contrast Computed Tomography 107 Fu Jian Chapter 7 Bone Density Measurement Using Computed Tomography 123 Cetin Celenk and Peruze Celenk Chapter 8 Extraction of Airway in Computed Tomography 137 Ken Inohara, Yuka I. Sumita and Shuichi Ino VI Contents Part 2 CAD and Advanced Imaging Application 149 Chapter 9 QCT as a Base of Computer Aided Diagnosis of Osteoporotical Changes 151 Antoni John and Piotr Wysota Chapter 10 Preoperative Virtual Navigation with 3D-CT Volume Rendering for Single Minimum Incision Endoscopic Nephron-Sparing Surgery on Renal Tumors 171 Takao Kamai, Hideyuki Abe, Nobutaka Furuya, Tsunehito Kambara, Tomoya Mizuno, Daisuke Nishihara, Yasukazu Shioyama, Yoshitatsu Fukabori, Tomonori Yamanishi and Yasushi Kaji Chapter 11 Spatial Anatomical Variation of Segmental Hepatic Vasculature and Bile Duct Assessed by Integrated 3D CT Images for Right Lateral Sector Graft Liver Transplantation 185 Koji Okuda and Atsushi Yoshida Chapter 12 Fully Automatic Technique for Liver Segmentation from Abdominal CT Scan with Knowledge-Based Constraints 195 Nader H. Abdel-massieh Chapter 13 MicroCT: An Essential Tool in Bone Metastasis Research 211 Bethany A. Kerr and Tatiana V. Byzova Chapter 14 CT Imaging of Hepatic Arteries 231 Luca Saba Chapter 15 CT Imaging to Assess the Left Atrial Appendage Anatomy: Clinical Implications 241 Pasquale Santangeli, Luigi Di Biase, Rodney Horton, J. David Burkhardt and Andrea Natale Part 3 CT-PET and Radiation Dose 253 Chapter 16 Integrated PET/CT in the Staging of NSCLC 255 Walter De Wever Chapter 17 Hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT Imaging 269 Thomas Leitha and Anton Staudenherz Chapter 18 The Role of Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography in Integrated Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography Study 293 Abdul Jalil Nordin, Noraini Abdul Rahim, Fathinul Fikri Ahmad Saad, Ahmad Zaid and Ahmad Zaid Fattah Azman Contents VII Chapter 19 Cumulative Radiation Effective Dose 313 Nelofur Hayat, Eshrak Hassanein and Mohamed Shoukry Chapter 20 Dose Reduction on Computed Tomography Angiography Using Adaptive Control Techniques 342 Zhijun Cai, Er-Wei Bai and Ge Wang Preface It is my pleasure to present this book entitled “Computed Tomography - Clinical Applications”. Computed Tomography (CT) and in particular multi-detector-row computed tomography (MDCT), is a powerful non-invasive imaging tool with a number of advantages over the others non invasive imaging techniques. CT has evolved into an indispensable imaging method in clinical routine. It was the first method to non-invasively acquire images of the inside of the human body that were not biased by superimposition of distinct anatomical structures. The first generation of CT scanners developed in the 1970s and numerous innovations have improved the utility and application field of the CT, such as the introduction of helical systems that allowed the development of the “volumetric CT” concept. A further major improvement in the CT technology is the incorporation of multiple detector row longitudinally (along the z-axis) in the gantry. In the 1998 it was proposed the first 4-detector row scanner and since then it were introduced 16-32-64-128 and 320 detector row units. A recent major improvement in the CT technology is the introduction of the dual source CT that promise exceptional potentialities in the tissue analysis and characterization. Isotropic voxels, high spatial and temporal resolution, use of fast contrast material injection rate and post-processing tools improved sensitivity and specificity of this technology in solving diagnostic medical problems. In this book the purpose is to explore the applications of CT from medical imaging to other fields like archaeology and computer aided diagnosis. Recently interesting technical, anthropomorphic, forensic and archeological as well as paleontological applications of computed tomography have been developed. These applications further strengthen the method as a generic diagnostic tool for non-destructive material testing and three-dimensional visualization beyond its medical use. Luca Saba, MD Department of Science of the Images, Policlinico Universitario, University of Cagliari, Italy