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Computational Paralinguistics: Emotion, Affect and Personality in Speech and Language Processing PDF

345 Pages·2013·5.22 MB·English
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Björn Schuller | Anton BAtliner Computational paralinguistiCs Emotion, affECt and pErsonality in spEECh and languagE proCEssing COMPUTATIONAL PARALINGUISTICS COMPUTATIONAL PARALINGUISTICS EMOTION, AFFECT AND PERSONALITY IN SPEECH AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING Bjo¨rnW.Schuller TechnischeUniversita¨tMu¨nchen,Germany AntonM.Batliner Friedrich-Alexander-Universita¨tErlangen-Nu¨rnberg,Germany Thiseditionfirstpublished2014 (cid:2)C 2014JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd Registeredoffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor permissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUK Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe availableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesand productnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir respectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparing thisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsof thisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Itis soldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservicesandneitherthe publishernortheauthorshallbeliablefordamagesarisingherefrom.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpert assistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Schuller,Bjo¨rn. Computationalparalinguistics:emotion,affectandpersonalityinspeechandlanguage processing/Bjo¨rnSchuller,AntonBatliner.–FirstEdition. pagescm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-119-97136-8(hardback) 1.Psycholinguistics–Dataprocessing. 2.Linguisticmodels–Dataprocessing. 3.Paralinguistics. 4.Languageandemotions. 5.Speechprocessingsystems. 6.Human-computerinteraction. 7.Emotive(Linguistics) 8.Computationallinguistics. I.Batliner,Anton. II.Title. P37.5.D37S382014 401(cid:3).90285–dc23 2013019325 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India 1 2014 ToDagmarandGisela Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv ListofAbbreviations xvii Part I Foundations 1 Introduction 3 1.1 WhatisComputationalParalinguistics?AFirstApproximation 3 1.2 HistoryandSubjectArea 7 1.3 FormversusFunction 10 1.4 FurtherAspects 12 1.4.1 TheSynthesisofEmotionandPersonality 12 1.4.2 Multimodality:AnalysisandGeneration 13 1.4.3 Applications,UsabilityandEthics 15 1.5 SummaryandStructureoftheBook 17 References 18 2 Taxonomies 21 2.1 TraitsversusStates 21 2.2 ActedversusSpontaneous 25 2.3 ComplexversusSimple 30 2.4 MeasuredversusAssessed 31 2.5 CategoricalversusContinuous 33 2.6 FeltversusPerceived 35 2.7 IntentionalversusInstinctual 37 2.8 ConsistentversusDiscrepant 38 2.9 PrivateversusSocial 39 2.10 PrototypicalversusPeripheral 40 2.11 UniversalversusCulture-Specific 41 2.12 UnimodalversusMultimodal 43 2.13 AllTheseTaxonomies–SoWhat? 44 2.13.1 EmotionData:TheFAUAEC 45 2.13.2 Non-nativeData:TheC-AuDiTcorpus 47 References 48 viii Contents 3 AspectsofModelling 53 3.1 TheoriesandModelsofPersonality 53 3.2 TheoriesandModelsofEmotionandAffect 55 3.3 TypeandSegmentationofUnits 58 3.4 TypicalversusAtypicalSpeech 60 3.5 Context 61 3.6 LabversusLife,orThroughtheLookingGlass 62 3.7 SheepandGoats,orSingleInstanceDecisionversusCumulativeEvidence andOverallPerformance 64 3.8 TheFewandtheMany,orHowtoAnalyseaHamburger 65 3.9 Reifications,andWhatYouareLookingforisWhatYouGet 67 3.10 MagicalNumbersversusSoundReasoning 68 References 74 4 FormalAspects 79 4.1 TheLinguisticCodeandBeyond 79 4.2 TheNon-DistinctiveUseofPhoneticElements 81 4.2.1 SegmentalLevel:TheCaseof/r/Variants 81 4.2.2 Supra-segmentalLevel:TheCaseofPitchandFundamental Frequency–andofOtherProsodicParameters 82 4.2.3 InBetween:TheCaseofOtherVoiceQualities,Especially Laryngealisation 86 4.3 TheNon-DistinctiveUseofLinguisticsElements 91 4.3.1 WordsandWordClasses 91 4.3.2 PhraseLevel:TheCaseofFillerPhrasesandHedges 94 4.4 Disfluencies 96 4.5 Non-Verbal,VocalEvents 98 4.6 CommonTraitsofFormalAspects 100 References 101 5 FunctionalAspects 107 5.1 BiologicalTraitPrimitives 109 5.1.1 SpeakerCharacteristics 111 5.2 CulturalTraitPrimitives 112 5.2.1 SpeechCharacteristics 114 5.3 Personality 115 5.4 EmotionandAffect 119 5.5 SubjectivityandSentimentAnalysis 123 5.6 DeviantSpeech 124 5.6.1 PathologicalSpeech 125 5.6.2 TemporarilyDeviantSpeech 129 5.6.3 Non-nativeSpeech 130 5.7 SocialSignals 131 5.8 DiscrepantCommunication 135 5.8.1 IndirectSpeech,Irony,andSarcasm 136 5.8.2 DeceptiveSpeech 138 5.8.3 Off-Talk 139

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This book presents the methods, tools and techniques that are currently being used to recognise (automatically) the affect, emotion, personality and everything else beyond linguistics (‘paralinguistics’) expressed by or embedded in human speech and language.It is the first book to provide such a
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