Table Of Content

Günter Hofstetter E ditor Computational Engineering Computational Engineering Günter Hofstetter Editor Computational Engineering 123 Editor GünterHofstetter InstituteofBasicSciencesinEngineering Science UniversityofInnsbruck Innsbruck,Austria ISBN978-3-319-05932-7 ISBN978-3-319-05933-4(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-05933-4 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014939849 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’slocation,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer. PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Aimingatthedesignandanalysisofcomplexengineeringsystems,computational engineering combines engineering sciences, mathematics, and computer science. Itcomprisesthedevelopment,application,andvalidationofcomputationalmodels as well as the visualization of simulation results. Taking advantage of continuing advances in computer hardware, software technology, and numerical algorithms, computationalengineeringplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleinthedevelopment andoperationofengineeringproductsandsystems. The book provides an overview of the broad spectrum of research activities within the framework of the research center Computational Engineering at the University of Innsbruck. The topics covered focus on mathematical modeling, numerical simulation, and experimental validation in several fields of engineering sciences. In particular, constitutive models and their implementation into finite elementcodes,sensitivityandreliabilityanalysisofengineeringstructuresincluding applications in aerospace engineering and earthquake engineering, multi-phase models and multi-scale models in civil engineering, applications of scientific computing in urban water management and numerical simulations in hydraulic engineering,and—lastbutnotleast—theapplicationofageneticalgorithmforthe registrationoflaserscannerpointcloudsingeoinformationsciencearepresented. TheresearchcenterComputationalEngineeringispartoftheresearchfocalpoint Scientific Computing at the University of Innsbruck. The latter integrates research activities of the University of Innsbruck in the fields of information technology and e-science. As the success in those scientific disciplines crucially depends on the powerful computer hardware, the financial support by the Austrian Federal MinistryofScienceandResearch(BMWF)withintheframeworkoftheUniversity InfrastructureProgramisgratefullyacknowledged. Innsbruck,Austria GünterHofstetter February2014 v Contents 1 ConstitutiveModelsinFiniteElementCodes............................. 1 W.FellinandA.Ostermann 1.1 Introduction............................................................ 1 1.2 TheMeritsandPitfallsofOne-DimensionalConsiderations........ 3 1.3 TimeIntegrationofPureRateEquations............................. 5 1.3.1 PureRateEquation........................................... 5 1.3.2 ExplicitIntegration .......................................... 8 1.3.3 AdaptivityandErrorControl................................ 11 1.3.4 ImplicitIntegration .......................................... 12 1.3.5 Semi-ImplicitIntegration.................................... 13 1.3.6 Examples..................................................... 15 1.4 ExtensionstoElasto-PlasticModels.................................. 16 1.4.1 NonlinearElasticity,NonlinearIsotropicHardening....... 16 1.4.2 EventLocation............................................... 19 1.4.3 TimeIntegrationofIndex2Problems ...................... 20 1.4.4 Example ...................................................... 22 1.5 ConsistentTangentOperator.......................................... 22 1.5.1 IncrementalLoading......................................... 23 1.5.2 TheEquilibriumIteration.................................... 24 1.5.3 Newton’sMethod ............................................ 24 1.5.4 ConsistentTangent........................................... 25 1.5.5 TheJacobian ................................................. 26 1.5.6 AnalyticalSolution .......................................... 26 1.5.7 NumericalTimeIntegration................................. 27 1.5.8 VariationalEquation ......................................... 27 1.5.9 AnalyticSolutionofStressUpdateandJacobian .......... 28 1.5.10 NumericalApproximationoftheJacobian ................. 28 1.5.11 Example ...................................................... 29 1.6 FullyThree-DimensionalFormulation ............................... 32 1.6.1 ConsistentTangentOperator,Jacobian ..................... 32 1.6.2 AdaptiveTimeIntegration................................... 34 vii viii Contents 1.6.3 ApplicationtoHypoplasticity............................... 34 1.6.4 ApplicationtoElasto-Plasticity ............................. 35 1.7 Conclusion............................................................. 37 Appendix:HypoplasticModel................................................ 38 A.1 BasicModel.................................................. 39 A.2 ExtendedHypoplasticModel................................ 40 A.3 MaterialParameters.......................................... 41 References..................................................................... 41 2 Barodesy:TheNextGenerationofHypoplasticConstitutive ModelsforSoils .............................................................. 43 D.Kolymbas 2.1 Introduction............................................................ 43 2.2 EmpiricalBasisofBarodesy.......................................... 44 2.3 EarlyQuestsforAlternativestoPlasticityTheory................... 44 2.4 BarodesyandHypoplasticity.......................................... 45 2.4.1 AbouttheName“Barodesy”................................ 46 2.5 SymbolsandNotation................................................. 47 2.6 ProportionalPathsA................................................... 48 2.7 ProportionalPathsB................................................... 50 2.8 LimitStates ............................................................ 50 2.9 IncrementalNon-Linearity............................................ 51 2.10 ConsolidationsandCriticalStates.................................... 51 2.11 CyclicLoading,LimitCyclesandShake-Down..................... 53 2.12 SignificanceofBarodesy.............................................. 55 2.13 OpenQuestions........................................................ 55 References..................................................................... 56 3 Seismic Performance of Tuned Mass Dampers withUncertainParameters ................................................. 57 C.Adam,M.Oberguggenberger,andB.Schmelzer 3.1 Introduction............................................................ 58 3.2 MechanicalModel..................................................... 59 3.3 ModelingoftheEarthquakeExcitation............................... 61 3.4 ModelingoftheParameterUncertainty .............................. 64 3.4.1 TwoExamplesofRandomSetsforUncertainty Modeling ..................................................... 65 3.5 CombinationofStochasticExcitationandParameter Uncertainty............................................................. 66 3.6 NumericalSimulationandResults.................................... 68 3.6.1 ParametricStudies ........................................... 69 3.6.2 Set-ValuedTMDParameters................................ 73 3.6.3 Set-ValuedSoilParameters.................................. 78 3.7 Conclusion............................................................. 81 References..................................................................... 82 Contents ix 4 Sensitivity and Reliability Analysis of Engineering Structures:SamplingBasedMethods ..................................... 85 M.Oberguggenberger 4.1 Introduction............................................................ 85 4.2 DesignofExperiment ................................................. 87 4.3 RandomFields......................................................... 92 4.4 SensitivityAnalysis.................................................... 94 4.5 ReliabilityAnalysis.................................................... 97 4.6 Application............................................................. 103 4.7 Conclusion............................................................. 110 References..................................................................... 110 5 Multi-PhaseModelsinCivilEngineering................................. 113 P.Gamnitzer,M.Aschaber,andG.Hofstetter 5.1 Introduction............................................................ 113 5.2 PrimaryUnknownsandThermodynamicStateVariables ........... 114 5.3 GoverningEquations .................................................. 116 5.3.1 BalanceLaws ................................................ 117 5.3.2 FluxApproximationsandStressStateVariables........... 119 5.4 ApplicationtoGeotechnicalEngineering ............................ 121 5.4.1 A Modified Cap Model for Unsaturated andSaturatedSoil............................................ 123 5.4.2 AModelProblemforGroundSettlements ................. 129 5.4.3 ShearFailureofanEmbankmentDam ..................... 135 5.5 Multi-PhaseModelforConcrete...................................... 140 5.5.1 ConstitutiveLawforConcrete .............................. 142 5.5.2 Numerical Simulation of the Behaviour ofConcreteOverlays ........................................ 143 5.6 SummaryandConclusions............................................ 147 References..................................................................... 148 6 Concrete Structures Subjected to Fire Loading: FromThermo-MechanicalModelingofStrainBehavior ofConcreteTowardsStructuralSafetyAssessment ..................... 151 T.Ring,M.Zeiml,andR.Lackner 6.1 Introduction............................................................ 152 6.2 ExperimentalObservation............................................. 154 6.2.1 DeformationUnderThermo-MechanicalLoading......... 154 6.2.2 BehaviorofSiliceousMaterial.............................. 155 6.3 MicromechanicalModel .............................................. 156 6.3.1 EffectiveElasticProperties.................................. 157 6.3.2 Effective(Free)ThermalStrain ............................. 159 6.4 Implementation ........................................................ 160 6.5 Finite-ElementImplementationandNumericalResults............. 166 6.6 ConcludingRemarks .................................................. 169 Appendix ...................................................................... 170 References..................................................................... 170