Table Of Content

Chinese Language Learning Sciences Xiaofei Lu · Berlin Chen Editors Computational and Corpus Approaches to Chinese Language Learning Chinese Language Learning Sciences Series editors Chin-Chuan Cheng, University of Illinois, USA; Academia Sinica, Taiwan; National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan Kuo-En Chang, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan Executive editors Yao-Ting Sung, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan Ping Li, Pennsylvania State University, USA This book series investigates several critical issues embedded in fundamental, technical, and applied research in the field of Chinese as second language (CSL) learning and teaching, including learning mechanism in the brain, technology application for teaching, learning and assessment. The book series discusses these issues from the perspectives of science (evidence-based approach) and technology. The studies in the book series use the methods from the fields of linguistics(suchascorpuslinguisticsandcomputationallinguistics),psychological and behavioural sciences (such as experimental design and statistical analyses), informational technology (such as information retrieval and natural language processing) and brain sciences (such as neuroimaging and neurolinguistics). The book series generally covers three main interdisciplinary themes: (1) fundamental investigation ofChinese as afirst orsecond language acquisition, (2) development in Chinese language learning technology, and (3) applied research on Chinese language education. More specifically, the book series involves seven research topics: – Language transfer mechanism in Chinese as a second language – Factors of Chinese as a second language acquisition in childhood – Cultural influence on Chinese acquisition – Information technology, corpus – Teaching material design – Teaching strategies and teacher training – Learning models – Assessment methods More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13176 Xiaofei Lu Berlin Chen (cid:129) Editors Computational and Corpus Approaches to Chinese Language Learning 123 Editors XiaofeiLu Berlin Chen Department ofApplied Linguistics Department ofComputer Science ThePennsylvania State University andInformation Engineering University Park, PA,USA National Taiwan Normal University Taipei, Taiwan ISSN 2520-1719 ISSN 2520-1727 (electronic) ChineseLanguageLearning Sciences ISBN978-981-13-3569-3 ISBN978-981-13-3570-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3570-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018964227 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721, Singapore Preface ThepastfewdecadeshavewitnessedmuchprogressintheconstructionofChinese corporaorientedtowardsChineselanguagepedagogyaswellasthedevelopmentof computational tools for annotating and analyzing Chinese texts and educational natural language processing (NLP) applications for Chinese language learning and assessment. Chinese language teachers, learners, and testers stand to benefit from such resources, tools, and applications in numerous productive ways. This volume bringstogethersomeofthemostrecenttheoretical,empirical,methodological,and technological developments in applying computational and corpus approaches to teaching,learning,andassessingChineseasasecondorforeignlanguage.Itisour hopethattheinsightsfromthesedevelopmentswillhelpadvancethestateoftheart in theorizing, designing, and implementing research and practice in corpus- informed and NLP-enabled Chinese language teaching, learning, and assessment. Weoweaspecialthankstotheco-editorsoftheSpringerbookseriesonChinese Language Learning Sciences, Prof. Yao-Ting Sung and Prof. Ping Li, for their inspiring trust, support, and guidance from the very beginning of this process through the end. Thanks also go to many colleagues and friends who have helped shapethedirectionofthebookinvariousways,directlyorindirectly.Tonamejust a few: Marjorie Chan, Howard Ho-Jan Chen, Hsiao-Tsung Hung, Tan Jin, Zhuo Jing-Schmidt, Detmar Meurers, Hongyin Tao, Ming-Han Yang, and many others. Lastbutnotleast,wewouldliketosincerelythankLawrenceLiuandLayPeng Ang at Springer for their impressively professional and efficient support and the anonymous reviewers of the book proposal and manuscript for their highly insightful and constructive comments. University Park, USA Xiaofei Lu Taipei, Taiwan Berlin Chen v Contents Part I Introduction Computational and Corpus Approaches to Chinese Language Learning: An Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Xiaofei Lu and Berlin Chen Corpus and Computational Methods for Usage-Based Chinese Language Learning: Toward a Professional Multilingualism . . . . . . . . . 13 Zhuo Jing-Schmidt The Corpus Approach to the Teaching and Learning of Chinese as an L1 and an L2 in Retrospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Jiajin Xu Part II Tools, Resources and General Applications Academic Chinese: From Corpora to Language Teaching. . . . . . . . . . . 57 Howard Ho-Jan Chen and Hongyin Tao Pedagogical Applications of Chinese Parallel Corpora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Brody Bluemel Data-Driven Adapting for Fine-Tuning Chinese Teaching Materials: Using Corpora as Benchmarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Wei Bo, Jing Chen, Kai Guo and Tan Jin Part III Specific Applications Context Analysis for Computer-Assisted Near-Synonym Learning. . . . . 121 Liang-Chih Yu, Wei-Nan Chien and Kai-Hsiang Hsu Visualizing Stylistic Differences in Chinese Synonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Zheng-Sheng Zhang vii viii Contents Using Corpus-Based Analysis of Neologisms on China’s New Media for Teaching Chinese as a Second or Foreign Language . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Wengao Gong and Huaqing Hong Part IV Learner Language Analysis and Assessment Acquisition of the Chinese Particle le by L2 Learners: A Corpus-Based Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Hai Xu, Xiaofei Lu and Vaclav Brezina Mandarin Chinese Mispronunciation Detection and Diagnosis Leveraging Deep Neural Network Based Acoustic Modeling and Training Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Berlin Chen and Yao-Chi Hsu Resources and Evaluations of Automated Chinese Error Diagnosis for Language Learners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Lung-Hao Lee, Yuen-Hsien Tseng and Li-Ping Chang Automated Chinese Essay Scoring Based on Multilevel Linguistic Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Tao-Hsing Chang and Yao-Ting Sung Part I Introduction Computational and Corpus Approaches to Chinese Language Learning: An Introduction XiaofeiLuandBerlinChen Abstract Inthisintroductorychapter,wefirstprovideadiscussionoftherationale andobjectivesofthebook.Wethenofferabriefreviewofthebodyofcorpuslin- guistics research that intersects with Chinese language pedagogy and acquisition. Thisisfollowedbyanoverviewofthestateoftheartofresearchincomputational linguisticsandnaturallanguageprocessingthatpertainstoChineselanguageteach- ing,learning,andassessment.Weconcludewithadescriptionoftheorganizationof thebook. 1 RationaleandObjectivesoftheBook The past a few decades have witnessed remarkable progress in the construction of large corpora of spoken and written language produced by both first language (L1) and second language (L2) speakers and writers. In addition to their proven value in a vast range of linguistic research (McEnery and Hardie 2011), language corporahaveincreasinglybeenusedtoinformsecondandforeignlanguageteaching, learning,andassessment(Aijmer2009).Theplethoraoflanguagecorporahavealso facilitatedthedevelopmentofnaturallanguageprocessing(NLP)technologieswith various language understanding and production capabilities (Jurafsky and Martin 2008).TwotypesofNLPtechnologiesthatareespeciallyusefulinsecondandforeign languagepedagogyandresearcharecomputationaltoolsdesignedtoautomatecorpus annotationandanalysisatspecificlinguisticlevels(Lu2014)andeducationalNLP applicationsdesignedtofacilitatedifferentaspectsoflanguageteachingandlearning ortoassistwiththeassessmentofdifferentaspectsoflanguageproduction(Lu2018). B X.Lu( ) ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark,USA e-mail:[email protected] B.Chen NationalTaiwanNormalUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019 3 X.LuandB.Chen(eds.),ComputationalandCorpusApproachestoChinese LanguageLearning,ChineseLanguageLearningSciences, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3570-9_1