Table Of Content

COMPRESSORS imiMiiiiffiii^fiTfa^ SELECTION AND SIZING P_ Gulf Professional Publishing H an imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann Dedication To June, for her love and encouragement to keep me moving. Copyright © 1986, 1997 by Butterworth-Heinemann. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher. Originally published by Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX. For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Butterworth-Heinemann 225 Wildwood Avenue Woburn, MA 01801–2041 Tel: 781-904-2500 Fax:781-904-2620 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: http://www.bh.com 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brown, Royce N. Compressors : selection & sizing / Royce N. Brown.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-88415-164-6 1. Compressors. I. Title. TJ990.B76 1997 621.5'1—dc20 96-35816 CIP IV Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Overview 1 Introduction I Compression Methods 2 Intermittent Cycle Compressors 4 Reciprocating Compressors. Rotary Compressors. Continuous Compression Compressors 9 Ejectors. Dynamic Compressors. 2. Basic Relationships 14 Introduction 14 Gas and Vapor 15 Perfect Gas Equation. Compressibility 17 Generalized Compressibility Charts. Partial Pressure 18 Gas Mixtures 18 Specific Heat Ratio. Molecular Weight. Specific Gravity 19 Mixture Compressibility 20 Humidity Flow Acoustic Velocity _ 26 Equations of State . 26 Mollier Charts. First Law of Thermodynamics. Second Law of Thermodynamics. Theoretical Work 30 Real Gas Exponent. Power. Velocity Head. Intercooling 41 ; Isothermal Compression. References 46 : 3. Reciprocating Compressors 48 Description 48 Classification. Arrangement. Drive Methods. Performance 54 Compression Cycle. Cylinder Displacement. Volumetric Efficiency. Piston Speed, Discharge Temperature. Power. Valve Loss. Application Notes. Mechanics 67 Cylinders. Pistons and Rods. Valves. Distance Piece. Rod Packing. Crankshaft and Bearings. Frame Lubrication. Cylinder and Packing Lubrication. Cooling. Capacity Control. Pulsation Control. References ___. 90 4. Rotary Compressors ___ 93 Common Features 93 Arrangements and Drivers. Helical Lobe 95 History. Operating Principles. Displacement. Dry Compressors. Flooded Compressors. Flooding Fluid. Application Notes—Dry Compressors. Application Notes—Flooded Compressors. Casings. Rotors. Bearings and Seals. Timing Gears. Capacity Control. V! Straight Lobe 121 Compression Cycle. Sizing. Applications. Mechanical Construction. Sliding Vane 126 Compression Cycle. Sizing. Application Notes. Mechanical Construction. Liquid Piston 130 Operation. Performance, Mechanical Construction. References 131 ; ; 5, Centrifugal Compressors 132 Introduction 132 Classification. Arrangement, Drive Methods. Performance 147 Compression Cycle. Vector Triangles. Slip. Reaction. Sizing. Fan Laws, Curve Shape. Surge. Choke. Application Notes. Mechanical Design 188 ; Introduction. Casings. Diaphragms. Casing Connections. Impellers. Shafts. Radial Bearings. Thrust Bearings. Bearing Housings. Magnetic Bearings. Balance Piston. Interstage Seals. Shaft End Seals. Shaft End Seals 211 Restrictive Seals. Liquid Buffered Seals. Dry Gas Seals. Capacity Control. Maintenance. References __ 222 6. Axial Compressors 224 Historical Background Description Performance ; Blades. Compression Cycle. Reaction. Stagger. Curve Shape. Surge. Sizing. Application Notes. Mechanical Design 247 Casings. Stators. Casing Connections. Rotor. Shaft. Blading. Bearings. Balance Piston. Seals. Capacity Control. Maintenance. References 255 VII 7. Drivers . 256 Introduction 256 ; Electric Motors 25? Voltage. Enclosures. Totally Enclosed Motors. Division 1 Enclosures. Inert Gas-Filled. Insulation. Service Factor. Synchronous Motors. Brushless Excitation. Motor Equations. Compressor and Motor Selecting Compressor Motors. Starting Characteristics. Starting Time. Enclosure Selection. Enclosure Applications. Variable Frequency Drives 277 Motor. Steam Turbines 282 Steam Temperature. Speed. Operation Principles. Steam Turbine Rating. Gas Engines . 292 Gas Turbines 292 Gas Turbine Types. Gas Turbine Economics. Sizing Application. Expansion Turbines 296 Types, Operation Limits. Power Recovery. Refrigeration. Condensation. Expander Applications. References 300 8. Accessories ,_____„ 302 Introduction 302 Lubrication Systems 303 Reservoir. Pumps and Drivers. Relief Valves. Pressure Control Valves. Startup Control. Check Valves. Coolers. Filters. Transfer Valves. Accumulators. Seal Oil Overhead Tank. Lube Oil Overhead Tank. Seal Oil Drainers. Degassing Drum. Piping. System Review. Testing of Lubrication Systems. Commissioning of Lube Oil Systems. Dry Gas Seal Systems 323 System Design Considerations. Dry Gas Seal System Control. Dry Gas Seal System Filters. Vlll Gears 328 Gear Design and Application. Rotors and Shafts. Bearings and Seals. Housing. lubrication. Couplings 333 Introduction. Ratings. Spacers. Hubs. Gear Couplings. Alignment. Flexible Element Couplings. Limited End-Float Couplings. Instrumentation 342 Overview. Pressure. Temperature. Flow. Torque. Speed. Rod Drop Monitor. Molecular Weight. Vibration 349 Vibration Sensors. Seismic Sensors. Proximity Sensors. Axial Shaft Motion. Radial Shaft Vibration. Control 356 Analysis of the Controlled System. Pressure Control at Variable Speed. Volume Control at Variable Speed. Weight Flow Control with Variable Stator Vanes. Pressure Control at Constant Speed. Volume Control at Constant Speed. Weight Flow Control at Constant Speed. Anti-Surge Control. References . ; 9. Dynamics 368 Introduction Balance ; Basics. Unbalance. Balance Methods 374 Shop Balance Machine. High Speed Balancing. Field Balancing. Reciprocating Shaking Forces 378 Rotary Shaking Forces 382 Rotor Dynamics 384 Damped Unbalance Response. Torsionals. Torsional Damping and Resilient Coupling. References , 400 IX