Comprehensive Geographic Information Systems PDF
Preview Comprehensive Geographic Information Systems
COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS This page intentionally left blank COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS EDITOR IN CHIEF Bo Huang The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong VOLUME 1 GIS METHODS AND TECHNIQUES VOLUME EDITORS Thomas J. Cova The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States Ming-Hsiang Tsou San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEWYORK OXFORD PARIS SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA Copyright(cid:1)2018ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including photocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhow toseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchasthe CopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notice Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesin researchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmayalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods, compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthe safetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/or damagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-12-804660-9 Forinformationonallpublicationsvisitourwebsiteat http://store.elsevier.com Publisher:OliverWalter AcquisitionEditor:PriscillaBraglia ContentProjectManager:LauraEscalanteSantos AssociateContentProjectManager:PaulaDaviesandKatieFinn CoverDesigner:MarkRogers PrintedandboundintheUnitedStates EDITOR IN CHIEF BoHuang Dr.BoHuangisaprofessorintheDepartmentofGeographyandResourceManagement,TheChinese University of Hong Kong, where he is also the Associate Director of Institute of Space and Earth Information Science (ISEIS). Prior to this, he held faculty positions at the University of Calgary, Canada,andtheNationalUniversityofSingapore.Hehasabackgroundandexperienceindiverse disciplines,includingurbanplanning,computerscience,GeographicInformationSystems(GIS),and remote sensing. His research interests cover most aspects of GIScience, specifically the design and development of models and algorithms in spatial/spatiotemporal statistics, remote sensing image fusionandmultiobjectivespatialoptimization,andtheirapplicationsinenvironmentalmonitoring andsustainablelanduseandtransportationplanning.TheGeographicallyandTemporallyWeighted Regression(GTWR)model(availableinhisResearchGate)thatwasdevelopedbyhimin2010hasnow beenwidelyusedinawiderangeofareas,includingeconomics,environment,geography,andurban planning.Dr.HuangservesastheAsia-PacificEditorofInternationalJournalofGeographicalInformation Science (Taylor & Francis), the Executive Editor of Annals of GIS (Taylor & Francis), and the Chief Scientist of the Joint Laboratory of Smart Cities (Beijing). He was awarded Chang Jiang Chair Professorshipin2016bytheMinistryofEducationofPRChina. v This page intentionally left blank VOLUME EDITORS GeorgBareth GeorgBarethstudiedPhysicalGeographyattheUniversityofStuttgartandgraduatedin1995.From 1996 to 1999 he received a PhD scholarship from the German Research Foundation (DFG) and workedonhisthesis“EmissionsofGreenhouseGasesfromAgriculture–RegionalPresentationand Estimation for a dairy farm region by using GIS” at the University of Hohenheim. In 2004, he habilitatedin Agroinformatics,andsince2004,heholdsaprofessorshipforGeoinformaticsatthe UniversityofCologne. KaiCao KaiCaoisalecturerintheDepartmentofGeographyatNationalUniversityofSingapore(NUS),an affiliated researcher in the Institute of Real Estate Studies, a research associate in the Center for FamilyandPopulationResearch,andamemberofthesteeringcommitteeoftheNextAgeInstitute at NUS. He is servingon theBoard Committeeand asthechairof NewsletterCommitteein the InternationalAssociationofChineseProfessionalsinGeographicInformationScience.Hehadalso beenamemberoftheNationalGeographic’sCommitteeforScienceandExplorationforoneyear. HeobtainedhisBScdegreeinGeography(CartographyandGeographicInformationScience)and MPhildegreeinGeography(RemoteSensingandGeographicInformationScience)fromNanjing UniversityinChina,andhisPhDdegreeinGeographyfromTheChineseUniversityofHongKong. PriortojoiningtheDepartmentofGeographyatNUS,hehadworkedintheCenterforGeographic Analysis at Harvard University, in the Department of Geography at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign,andintheWorldHistoryCenterattheUniversityofPittsburgh,respectively. HewasalsoavisitingresearchscholarintheDepartmentofHumanGeographyandSpatialPlanningatUtrechtUniversityin2009,and avisitingscholarintheCenterforSpatialStudiesandDepartmentofGeographyatUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara(UCSB)in 2012. Dr.KaiCaospecializesinGIScience,spatialsimulationandoptimization,urbananalytics,andspatiallyintegratedsocialscience.He haspublishednumerousinternationallyreferredjournalarticles,bookchapters,andconferencepapersinhisfieldandhadalsobeen aguesteditorofaspecialissueintheInternationalJournalofGeographicalInformationScienceonthetopicof“Cyberinfrastructure,GISand SpatialOptimization”,togetherwithDr.WenwenLifromArizonaStateUniversityandProf.RichardChurchfromUCSB. vii viii Volume Editors TomCova TomCovaisaprofessorofGeographyattheUniversityofUtahanddirectoroftheCenterforNatural andTechnologicalHazards.HereceivedaBSinComputerSciencefromtheUniversityofOregonand an MA and PhD in Geography from the University of California, Santa Barbara where he was an Eisenhower Fellow. Professor Cova’s research and teaching interests are environmental hazards, emergencymanagement,transportation,andgeographicinformationscience(GIScience).Hisinitial focuswasregionalevacuationmodelingandanalysis,butthishassincebeenexpandedtoinclude emergencypreparedness,publicwarnings,andprotectiveactions.Hehaspublishedinmanyleading GIS,hazards,andtransportationjournalsincludingtheInternationalJournalofGeographicalInformation Science(IJGIS),TransactionsinGIS,Computers,EnvironmentandUrbanSystems,TransportationResearchA andC,NaturalHazards,GeographicalAnalysis,NaturalHazardsReview,andEnvironmentandPlanningA. His 2005 paper in Natural Hazards Review resulted in new standards in the United States for transportation egress in fire-prone regions (National Fire Protection Association 1141). Concepts drawnfromhis2003paperonlane-basedevacuationroutinginTransportationResearchA:PolicyandPracticehavebeenusedinevacuation planningandmanagementworldwide,mostnotablyinthe2012WaldoCanyonFireevacuationinColoradoSprings. ProfessorCovawasacoinvestigatorontheNationalCenterforRemoteSensinginTransportation(NCRST)HazardsConsortiumin 2001–04.SincethenmostofthesupportforhisresearchhasbeenprovidedbytheNationalScienceFoundationonprojectsrangingfrom evacuationversusshelter-in-placeinwildfirestotheanalyticalderivationofwarningtriggerpoints.HechairedtheGISSpecialtyGroupfor theAssociationofAmericanGeographersin2007–08andtheHazards,RisksandDisastersSpecialtyGroupin2011–12.In2008heserved as programchair for theInternational Conferenceon GeographicalInformationScience(GIScience,2008)in ParkCity,Utah. Hewas amentorandadvisorfortheNationalScienceFoundationproject“EnablingtheNextGenerationofHazardsResearchers”andisarecipient oftheExcellenceinMentoringAwardfromtheCollegeofSocial&BehavioralScienceattheUniversityofUtah. ElisabeteA.Silva Elisabete Silva, BA, MA (Lisbon), PhD (Massachusetts), MRTPI, is a University Senior Lecturer (AssociateProfessor)inSpatialPlanningandaFellowandDoSofRobinsonCollege,Universityof Cambridge,UK.Dr.Silvahasaresearchtrackrecordof25years,bothatthepublicandprivatesector. Her research interests are centered on the application of new technologies to spatial planning, in particularcityandmetropolitandynamicmodelingthroughtime.Themainsubjectareasincludeland usechange,transportationandspatialplansandpolicy,theuseofGeographicInformationSystems (GIS), spatial analysis, and new technologies/models in planning (i.e., CA and ABM). She is the coauthoroftheAshgatebookAPlanners’EncounterWithComplexity(2010)andTheRoutledgeHandbook ofPlanningResearchMethods(2014). ChunqiaoSong ChunqiaoSongreceivedhisBSdegreefromWuhanUniversityin2008andhisMSdegreefromthe ChineseAcademyofSciencesin2011,respectively.Bothmajoringeographicinformationscience.He received his PhD degree in geography from the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 2014. He is currentlyworkingasaresearcherintheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles. He focuses his research on developing the applications of remote sensing and geographic information techniques in large-scale environment monitoring and process modeling. It aims to contribute to the development of novel scientific, theoretical, and methodological aspects of geoinformatics techniques to understand how the key environment elements (e.g., water, ice, and ecosystem) respond to a changing climate and human intervention in High Mountain Asia and worldwide. His current research work includes (1) developing high-resolution satellite-based lake hydrographicaldatasets,whichareavailableatglobalscale,and(2)understandinglakewaterstorage dynamicanditshydrologicalprocessesandcryosphereontheTibetanPlateau(Earth’s“ThirdPole”) andhighmountainousregions.Heistheauthorofmorethan50primaryresearcharticles,reviews,andbookchaptersinhydrological, remotesensing,ecological,orenvironmentalfields. Volume Editors ix YanSong Yan Song is a full professor at the Department of City and Regional Planning and director of the Programon Chinese Citiesat the Universityof North Carolinaat ChapelHill. Dr. Song’s research interestsincludeslow-carbonandgreencities,planevaluation,landusedevelopmentandregulations, spatialanalysisofurbanspatialstructureandurbanform,landuseandtransportationintegration,and howtoaccommodateresearchintheabovefieldsbyusingplanningsupportingsystemssuchasGIS, bigdata,andothercomputer-aidedplanningmethodsandtools. Ming-HsiangTsou Ming-Hsiang(Ming)TsouisaprofessorintheDepartmentofGeography,SanDiegoStateUniversity (SDSU),andthefoundingdirectoroftheCenterforHumanDynamicsintheMobileAge(HDMA) (http://humandynamics.sdsu.edu/).HereceivedaBS(1991)fromtheNationalTaiwanUniversity,an M.A.(1996)fromtheStateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalo,andaPhD(2001)fromtheUniversityof ColoradoatBoulder,allinGeography.HisresearchinterestsareinHumanDynamics,SocialMedia, BigData,Visualization,andCartography,WebGIS,HighPerformanceComputing(HPC),MobileGIS, and K-12 GIS education. He is a coauthor of Internet GIS, a scholarly book published in 2003 by Wiley, and served on the editorial boards of the Annals of GIS (2008–), Cartography and GIScience (2013–),andtheProfessionalGeographers(2011–).TsouwasthechairoftheCartographicSpecialty Group(2007–08),thechairoftheCyberinfrastructureSpecialtyGroup(2012–13)intheAssociation ofAmericanGeographers(AAG),andthecochairoftheNASAEarthScienceEnterpriseDataSystem WorkingGroup(ESEDWG)StandardProcessGroup(SPG)from2004to2007.Hehasservedontwo USNationalAcademyofScienceCommittees:“ResearchPrioritiesfortheUSGSCenterofExcellenceforGeospatialInformationScience” (2006–07)and“GeotargetedAlertsandWarnings:AWorkshoponCurrentKnowledgeandResearchGaps”(2012–13).In2010,Tsouwas awardeda$1.3millionresearchgrantfundedbyNationalScienceFoundationandservedastheprincipalinvestigator(PI)ofthe“Mapping ideasfromCyberspacetoRealspace”(http://mappingideas.sdsu.edu/)researchproject(2010–14).ThisNSF-CDIprojectintegratesGIS, computationallinguistics,websearchengines,and socialmediaAPIsto trackandanalyzepublic-accessible websitesandsocialmedia (tweets)forvisualizingandanalyzingthediffusionofinformationandideasincyberspace.InSpring2014,Tsouestablishedanewresearch center,HumanDynamicsintheMobileAge(HDMA),atransdisciplinaryresearchareaofexcellenceatSanDiegoStateUniversitytointegrate researchworksfromGIScience,PublicHealth,SocialScience,Sociology,andCommunication.TsouisthefoundingdirectoroftheHDMA Center.InFall2014,TsoureceivedanNSFInterdisciplinaryBehavioralandSocialScienceResearch(IBSS)awardfor“SpatiotemporalModeling of Human Dynamics Across Social Media and Social Networks” (Award#1416509, $999,887, 2014–18, http://socialmedia.sdsu.edu/). Thislargeinterdisciplinaryresearchprojectstudieshumandynamicsacrosssocialmediaandsocialnetworks,focusingoninformationdiffusion modelingovertimeandspace,andtheconnectionbetweenonlineactivitiesandreal-worldhumanbehaviors(includingdisasterevacuation, vaccineexemption,etc).TsouisalsoinvolvedwithseveralGISeducationprojectsforK-12andhighereducation.HehasservedontheAP GIS&TcourseadvisoryboardatAAGandasaseniorresearcherintheNationalGeoTechCenter,andtheGeospatialTechnologyCoordinatorin California Geographic Alliance to promote GIS education in universities, community colleges, and high schools. Tsou has conducted professionalGIStrainingworkshopsforGISteachersannuallyattheSanDiegoStateUniversityduringthelast10years(http://geoinfo.sdsu. edu/hightech/).
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