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COMPOSITES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Edited by Ning Hu Composites and Their Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3353 Edited by Ning Hu Contributors K.D. Mohd Aris, F. Mustapha, S.M. Sapuan, D.L. Majid, Viktor Mykhas’kiv, Jian Cai, Lei Qiu, Shenfang Yuan, Lihua Shi, PeiPei Liu, Dong Liang, Hyun-Sup Jee, Jong-O Lee, Yaolu Liu, Alamusi, Jinhua Li, Huiming Ning, Liangke Wu, Weifeng Yuan, Bin Gu, Ning Hu, Khaled R. Mohamed, Haiyan Li, Jianying Li, Xiaozhou Liu, Alex Fok, Adil Sbiai, Abderrahim Maazouz, Etienne Fleury, Henry Sautereau, Hamid Kaddami, H.P.S. Abdul Khalil, M. Jawaid, A. Hassan, M.T. Paridah, A. Zaidon, N.M. Chikhradze, L.A. Japaridze, G.S. Abashidze, Zulkhair Mansurov, Ilya Digel, Makhmut Biisenbaev, Irina Savitskaya, Aida Kistaubaeva, Nuraly Akimbekov, Azhar Zhubanova, Marjan S. Ranđelović, Aleksandra R. Zarubica, Milovan M. Purenović, Yun Lu, Liang Hao, Hiroyuki Yoshida, Alexander Horoschenkoff, Christian Christner, Maria Mingallon, Sakthivel Ramaswamy, Antonio C. de Oliveira, Ligia S. de Oliveira Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marina Jozipovic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published August, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Composites and Their Applications, Edited by Ning Hu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0706-4 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Health Monitoring for Composite Material Structures 1 Chapter 1 A Structural Health Monitoring of a Pitch Catch Active Sensing of PZT Sensors on CFRP Panels: A Preliminary Approach 3 K.D. Mohd Aris, F. Mustapha, S.M. Sapuan and D.L. Majid Chapter 2 Numerical Simulation of Wave Propagation in 3D Elastic Composites with Rigid Disk-Shaped Inclusions of Variable Mass 17 Viktor Mykhas’kiv Chapter 3 Structural Health Monitoring for Composite Materials 37 Jian Cai, Lei Qiu, Shenfang Yuan, Lihua Shi, PeiPei Liu and Dong Liang Chapter 4 Acoustic Emission of Composite Vessel 61 Hyun-Sup Jee and Jong-O Lee Chapter 5 Locating Delamination in Composite Laminated Beams Using the Zero-Order Mode of Lamb Waves 91 Yaolu Liu, Alamusi, Jinhua Li, Huiming Ning, Liangke Wu, Weifeng Yuan, Bin Gu and Ning Hu Section 2 Bio-Medical Composites and Their Applications 111 Chapter 6 Biocomposite Materials 113 Khaled R. Mohamed Chapter 7 Non-Destructive Examination of Interfacial Debonding in Dental Composite Restorations Using Acoustic Emission 147 Haiyan Li, Jianying Li, Xiaozhou Liu and Alex Fok VI Contents Section 3 Natural Fiber, Mineral Filler Composite Materials 169 Chapter 8 TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Lignocellulosic Fibers from Date Palm Leaves: Effect of the Oxidation on the Processing by RTM Process and Properties of Epoxy Based Composites 171 Adil Sbiai, Abderrahim Maazouz, Etienne Fleury, Henry Sautereau and Hamid Kaddami Chapter 9 Oil Palm Biomass Fibres and Recent Advancement in Oil Palm Biomass Fibres Based Hybrid Biocomposites 209 H.P.S. Abdul Khalil, M. Jawaid, A. Hassan, M.T. Paridah and A. Zaidon Chapter 10 Properties of Basalt Plastics and of Composites Reinforced by Hybrid Fibers in Operating Conditions 243 N.M. Chikhradze, L.A. Japaridze and G.S. Abashidze Section 4 Catalysts and Environmental Pollution Processing Composites 269 Chapter 11 Heterogeneous Composites on the Basis of Microbial Cells and Nanostructured Carbonized Sorbents 271 Zulkhair Mansurov, Ilya Digel, Makhmut Biisenbaev, Irina Savitskaya, Aida Kistaubaeva, Nuraly Akimbekov and Azhar Zhubanova Chapter 12 New Composite Materials in the Technology for Drinking Water Purification from Ionic and Colloidal Pollutants 295 Marjan S. Ranđelović, Aleksandra R. Zarubica and Milovan M. Purenović Chapter 13 Mechanical Coating Technique for Composite Films and Composite Photocatalyst Films 323 Yun Lu, Liang Hao and Hiroyuki Yoshida Section 5 Other Applications of Composites 355 Chapter 14 Carbon Fibre Sensor: Theory and Application 357 Alexander Horoschenkoff and Christian Christner Chapter 15 Bio-Inspired Self-Actuating Composite Materials 377 Maria Mingallon and Sakthivel Ramaswamy Chapter 16 Composite Material and Optical Fibres 397 Antonio C. de Oliveira and Ligia S. de Oliveira Preface Composites are engineered or naturally occurring materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. Basically, they can be categorized into two major types, i.e., structural composites with outstanding mechanical properties and functional composites with various outstanding physical, chemical or electrochemical properties. They have been widely used in a wide variety of products, e.g., advanced spacecraft and aircraft components, boat and scull hulls, sporting goods, sensor/actuator, catalysts and pollution processing materials, bio- medical materials, and batteries, etc. This book focuses on the properties and applications of various composites and the solutions for some encountered problems in applications, e.g., composites structural health monitoring. The book has been divided into five parts, which deal with: health or integrity monitoring techniques of composites structures, bio-medical composites and their applications as dental or tissue materials, natural fiber or mineral filler reinforced composites and their property characterization, catalysts composites and their applications, and some other potential applications of fibers or composites as sensors, etc., respectively. A list of chapters is given below along with short descriptions by providing a glimpse on the content of each chapter. Part 1. Health Monitoring for Composite Material Structures Chapter 1. A Structural Health Monitoring of a Pitch Catch Active Sensing of PZT Sensors on CFRP Panels: A Preliminary Approach In this chapter, the Lamb waves based on structural health monitoring techniques by using PZT sensor network are described. The focus is put on the repaired locations and surface structural integrity monitoring in composites structures. Chapter 2. Numerical Simulation of Wave Propagation in 3D Elastic Composites with Rigid Disk-Shaped Inclusions of Variable Mass This chapter presents a work on the numerical simulation of wave propagation in 3D elastic composites and the interaction between the waves and embedded inclusions or damages. A novel boundary element method is proposed to carry out this analysis. X Preface For applications of waves based techniques in the structural health monitoring field, some important fundamental information is provided for deep understanding the wave propagation behaviours in composites with inclusions or damages. Chapter 3. Structural Health Monitoring for Composite Materials In this chapter, structural health monitoring (SHM) for composite materials is mainly focused on. The common sensors in SHM and some typical SHM methods are reviewed along with some SHM examples realized on composite structures. Chapter 4. Acoustic Emission of Composite Vessel In this chapter, an acoustic emission based technique to evaluate damages in a composite fuel tank is presented in detail by carrying out a massive amount of experimental studies. Part 2. Bio-medical Composites and Their Applications Chapter 5. Biocomposite Materials In this chapter, the composites of ceramics with natural degradable polymers are described by using several particle composites based on degradable biopolymers as example. Their physical, chemical and biological properties and applications in bone structures and bone tissue engineering are described. Chapter 6. Non-destructive Examination of Interfacial Debonding in Dental Composite Restorations Using Acoustic Emission This chapter is to present a study on the development of a new method to evaluate the interfacial debonding of dental composite restorations. This non-destructive method based on the acoustic emission technique is evaluated for its use to monitor in-situ the interfacial debonding of composite restorations during polymerization. Part 3. Natural Fiber, Mineral Filler Composite Materials Chapter 7. TEMPO-mediated Oxidation of Lignocellulosic Fibers From Date Palm Leaves: Effect of the Oxidation on the Processing by RTM Process and Properties of Epoxy Based Composites In this chapter, TEMPO-mediated oxidation technique for processing lignocellulosic fibers is described. Moreover, the effects of this technique on the thermal, mechanical properties of the lignocellulosic fiber based composites and the fabrication process of the composites are explored in detail. Chapter 8. Oil Palm Biomass Fibres and Recent Advancement in Oil Palm Biomass Fibres based Hybrid Biocomposites This chapter is to give an overview on some main results of physical, mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties obtained from oil palm fibres based hybrid composites, which are promising in their applications to automotive sector, building industry etc.