Complex Fluids in Biological Systems: Experiment, Theory, and Computation

449 Pages·2015·12.31 MB·English

by  Saverio E. Spagnolie (eds.)

Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering
Saverio E. Spagnolie Editor
Complex Fluids
in Biological
Systems
Experiment, Theory, and Computation
Complex Fluids in Biological Systems
BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS,
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
The fields of biological and medical physics and biomedical engineering are broad, multidisciplinary and
dynamic. Theylie atthe crossroadsof frontierresearchinphysics, biology, chemistry, andmedicine. The
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EditorialBoard:
MasuoAizawa,DepartmentofBioengineering, JudithHerzfeld,DepartmentofChemistry,
TokyoInstituteofTechnology,Yokohama,Japan BrandeisUniversity,Waltham,Massachusetts,USA
OlafS.Andersen,DepartmentofPhysiology, MarkS.Humayun,DohenyEyeInstitute,
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CornellUniversity,NewYork,USA PierreJoliot,InstitutedeBiologie
RobertH.Austin,DepartmentofPhysics, Physico-Chimique,FondationEdmond
PrincetonUniversity,Princeton,NewJersey,USA deRothschild,Paris,France
JamesBarber,DepartmentofBiochemistry, LajosKeszthelyi,InstituteofBiophysics,Hungarian
ImperialCollegeofScience,Technology AcademyofSciences,Szeged,Hungary
andMedicine,London,England RobertS.Knox,DepartmentofPhysics
HowardC.Berg,DepartmentofMolecular andAstronomy,UniversityofRochester,Rochester,
andCellularBiology,HarvardUniversity, NewYork,USA
Cambridge,Massachusetts,USA AaronLewis,DepartmentofAppliedPhysics,
VictorBloomfield,DepartmentofBiochemistry, HebrewUniversity,Jerusalem,Israel
UniversityofMinnesota,St.Paul,Minnesota,USA StuartM.Lindsay,DepartmentofPhysics
RobertCallender,DepartmentofBiochemistry, andAstronomy,ArizonaStateUniversity,
AlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicine, Tempe,Arizona,USA
Bronx,NewYork,USA DavidMauzerall,RockefellerUniversity,
BrittonChance,UniversityofPennsylvania NewYork,NewYork,USA
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Philadelphia,USA andAstronomy,GeorgeMasonUniversity,Fairfax,
StevenChu,LawrenceBerkeleyNational Virginia,USA
Laboratory,Berkeley,California,USA MarkolfNiemz,MedicalFacultyMannheim,
LouisJ.DeFelice,DepartmentofPharmacology, UniversityofHeidelberg,Mannheim,Germany
VanderbiltUniversity,Nashville,Tennessee,USA V.AdrianParsegian,PhysicalScienceLaboratory,
JohannDeisenhofer,HowardHughesMedical NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,
Institute,TheUniversityofTexas,Dallas, Maryland,USA
Texas,USA LindaS.Powers,UniversityofArizona,
GeorgeFeher,DepartmentofPhysics, Tucson,Arizona,USA
UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,LaJolla, EarlW.Prohofsky,DepartmentofPhysics,
California,USA PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,Indiana,USA
HansFrauenfelder, AndrewRubin,DepartmentofBiophysics,Moscow
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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/3740
Saverio E. Spagnolie
Editor
Complex Fluids in Biological
Systems
Experiment, Theory, and Computation
123
Editor
SaverioE.Spagnolie
DepartmentofMathematics
UniversityofWisconsin-Madison
Madison,WI,USA
ISSN1618-7210 ISSN2197-5647(electronic)
ISBN978-1-4939-2064-8 ISBN978-1-4939-2065-5(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4939-2065-5
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014953309
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To life,inallitswondrous
andstupefyingcomplexity

Preface
The complexity of biological systems, even on the smallest length scales, is
staggering.Biologicalsystems are replete with active functionality,heterogeneity,
memory, and interconnectedness on a vast spectrum of length and time scales.
With our ever-advancing abilities to observe nature in vivo at the microscale,
and with continuing developments of mathematical and numerical machinery
for understanding multiscale physical systems, the fields of complex fluids and
biological systems are ripe for fruitful cross-pollination.There have already been
manysuccessfulscientificadvancesalongtheselines, aswillbemadeclearinthe
chaptersthatfollow.Theaimofthisbookistointroducethereadertomanyofthe
exciting directions that this research is taking and to provide a valuable reference
onfundamentalphenomena,models,andanalysisofcomplexfluidsinavarietyof
biologicalsystems.
The bookis organizedinto four parts. In PartI, Newtonian andcomplexfluids
areintroduced,alongwith theterminologyandmodelsthatwillappearfrequently
throughout the book. The first chapter provides the mathematical framework of
continuummechanicsandpresentscommonconstitutivelawsusedtodescribefluids
with such properties as shear-dependent viscosity and viscoelasticity. Classical
rheologicalflowsfrequentlyusedinexperimentsareintroduced.Thesecondchapter
lays the foundationsfor the topics to be coveredin the book and explorescritical
functionalrolesplayedbycomplexfluidsinafamiliarbiologicalsystem,thehuman
body. Using mucus as an illustrative example, a multidisciplinary approach to
studyingandmodelingsoft,complexbiologicalmatterisemphasized.
InPartII,themeasurementofbiologicalmaterialproperties,orrheology,takes
center stage. The first chapter is devoted to microrheology, wherein the behavior
ofsmallimmersedparticlesisused toinfermaterialpropertiesofthesurrounding
environment.Bothpassivemicrorheologyandactivemicrorheologyarediscussed,
beginningwiththefamedStokes-Einsteinrelationandmarchingthroughahistory
of the field towards a “nonequilibrium equation of state.” The following two
chaptersreturntospecificbiologicalstructures,namelythecellmembraneandcell
cytoskeleton. Microrheology is revisited as a means of studying the viscoelastic
propertiesofmolecularlythinshells,andtheintricatebiopolymernetworkinternal
vii
viii Preface
toindividualcellsisintroduced.Afinalchapterinthissectionexploresavarietyof
challengesfacedbyexperimentalistsinthe studyofcomplexbiologicalfluidsand
shows how a misinterpretationof data can suggest complexfluid propertieswhen
therearenoneandviceversa.
PartIIIfocusesonthelocomotionofmicroorganismsthroughcomplexbiological
fluids,asdescribedfromexperimental,analytical,andnumericalperspectives.The
firstchapterreviewstherecentexperimentalstudiesofbiolocomotioninviscousand
viscoelasticfluidsandthenturnstointriguingexperimentalresultsonthepropulsion
ofamodelorganism,theroundwormC.elegans.Thissetsthestageforthefollowing
chapter, which covers a detailed mathematical theory of locomotion in complex
fluids, and connections between microrheology and biolocomotion are described.
Theinteractionofswimmingorganismsincomplexfluidsisalsodiscussed,which
leadsnaturallyintothefinalchapterofthepart.Inthelastchapter,thefocusturnsto
amodeloflargecollectionsofsuchswimmingorganisms,oranactivesuspension,
which can exhibit large-scale correlated motions, pattern formation, and complex
fluid propertiesincluding normal stress differences. The model is extended to the
studyofothersystems,includingtheinteractionofmicrotubulesandtranslocating
motorproteinsasfoundinindividualcells.
Finally, Part IV covers methods for computing fluid flows with intricate
immersedboundaries.Commonnumericalapproachesaremadeconsiderablymore
challenging when the fluid is highly elastic. The first chapter describes many of
thesechallenges,includingthecatastrophichigh-Weissenbergnumberproblem,and
offerssolutions.Theimmersedboundarymethodisintroduced,andthelocomotion
of C. elegansin viscoelastic fluids is revisited as a test problemfrom a numerical
perspective.The final chapterof the book presentsa cell-levelnumericalstudy of
bloodflow,wheretheshapesanddynamicsofindividualcellsandtheirinteractions
are captured in a boundary integral formulation of the problem. The numerical
methodisusedtounderstandphysicaleffectswellknowntophysiologistssuchas
the Fåhræus effect, Fåhræus-Lindqvist effect, and the margination of leukocytes
andplatelets.
Thechapterscontainedhereinwillprovidethereaderwithanoverviewaswellas
adetailedinspectionofthechallengesandopportunitiesthatawaitusinthecoming
decades of research in complex biological flows, and the observations, methods,
and tools available for their study. Active areas of exploration are presented by
manyoftheworld’sforemostexpertsintheirrespectivefields.Consequently,each
chapter both provides a substantial review of the literature and delivers the very
cutting edge of our current knowledge. The book was developed with advanced
undergraduate and early graduate students in the engineering, biological, and
mathematicalsciencesinmind,butitwillappealtoanyoneinterestedintheintricate
andbeautifulnatureofcomplexfluidsinthecontextoflivingsystems.
Numerousacknowledgementsareinorder.Ithasbeenagreatpleasuretowork
with the many authors of this book, who continue to forge new paths in their
respective fields and to inspire with their creativity and remarkably hard work. It
is immensely gratifying to toil as a member of an extended scientific family that
knowsnogeographicalborders.IamparticularlyindebtedtoHarveySegur,Michael
Preface ix
Shelley, Eric Lauga, Thomas Powers, and Jean-Luc Thiffeault, and I would like
to thank Gwynn Elfring for dependableconsultationon this project. Finally, I am
forever grateful to my wife Elena for her love and support, and to my daughter
Carinaforjoiningtheadventure.
Madison,WI,USA SaverioE.Spagnolie
July,2014