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Complete Atlas of the World PDF

434 Pages·2012·194.4 MB·english
by  coll.
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COMPLETE D L ATLAS R O W E H T F O T H E D E F I N I T I V E V I E W O F T H E E A R T H C O M P L E T E D L ATLAS R O W E H T F O C O M P L E T E D L ATLAS R O W E H T F O LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH AND DELHI FOR THE SECOND EDITION Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf Art Director(cid:3)Philip Ormerod Associate Publishing Director(cid:3)Liz Wheeler Associate Publisher Andrew Macintyre Senior Cartographic Editor Simon Mumford Cartographers Encompass Graphics Ltd, Brighton, UK(cid:3) Jacket Designer Silke Spingles Production Controller Mandy Inness Production Editor Joanna Byrne Cartographic Editors Tony Chambers, John Dear, Ruth Hall, Andrew Johnson, Belinda Kane, Lynn Neal, Ann Stephenson Cartographers Paul Eames, Edward Merritt, John Plumer, Rob Stokes, Iorwerth Watkins Digital Map Suppliers Advanced Illustration, Congleton, UK • Cosmographics, Watford, UK Encompass Graphics, Brighton, UK • Lovell Johns Ltd., Long Hanborough, UK Netmaps, Barcelona, Spain Digital Terrain Data Digital terrain data and continental panoramic images created by Planetary Visions Ltd, Farnham, UK Editor Robert Dinwiddie Designers Nicola Liddiard, Yak El-Droubie Picture Research Louise Thomas, Jenny Baskaya Indexing and Database T-Kartor, Sweden Francesca Albini, Eleanor Arkwright, Renata Dyntarova, Edward Heelas, Britta Hansesgaard Systems Coordinator Philip Rowles Flags courtesy of The Flag Institue, Cheshire, UK First American Edition, 2007 This revised edition 2012 Published in the United States by DK Publishing, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 12 13 14 15 16 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 175654–May 2012 Reprinted with revisions 2009, Second edition 2012 Copyright © 2007, 2009, 2012 Dorling Kindersley Limited. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-7566-8972-8 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 or [email protected] Color reproduction by MDP Ltd, Wiltshire, UK Printed and bound by Tien Wah Press, Singapore Discover more at www.dk.com Introduction The World at the beginning of the 21st Century would be a place of unimaginable change to our forefathers. Since 1900 the human population has undergone a fourfold growth coupled with an unparalleled development in the technology at our disposal. The last vestiges of the unknown World are gone, and previously hostile realms claimed for habitation. The advent of aviation technology and the growth of mass tourism have allowed people to travel further and more frequently than ever before Allied to this, the rapid growth of global communication systems mean that World events have become more accessible than ever before and their knock on effects quickly ripple across the whole planet. News broadcasts bring the far-flung corners of the world into everyone’s lives, and with it, a view of the people and places that make up that region. The mysteries of the World that once fueled global exploration and the quest to discover the unknown are behind us; we inhabit a world of mass transportation, a world where even the most extreme regions have been mapped, a world with multi faceted view points on every event, a World of communication overload. However, does this help us make sense of the World? It is increasingly important for us to have a clear vision of the World in which we live and such a deluge of information can leave us struggling to find some context and meaning. It has never been more important to own an atlas; the DK Complete Atlas of the World has been conceived to meet this need. At its core, like all atlases, it seeks to define where places are, to describe their main characteristics, and to locate them in relation to other places. By gathering a spectacular collection of satellite imagery and draping it with carefully selected and up-to-date geographic information this atlas filters the World’s data into clear, meaningful and user-friendly maps. The World works on different levels and so does the DK Complete Atlas of the World. Readers can learn about global issues of many kinds or they can probe in a little further for the continental context. Delving even further they can explore at regional, national or even sub- national level. The very best available satellite data has been used to create topography and bathymetry that reveal the breathtaking texture of landscapes and sea-floors. These bring out the context of the places and features selected to appear on top of them. This second edition of the DK Complete Atlas of the World incorporates hundreds of revisions and updates affecting every map and every page, distilling the burgeoning mass of information available through modern technology into an extraordinarily detailed and reliable view of our World. Contents The atlas is organized by continent, moving eastward from the International NORTH Date Line. The opening section describes AFRICA AMERICA the world’s structure, systems and its main features. The Atlas of the World which follows, is a continent-by-continent guide to today’s world, starting with a North America .....................................................42–43 Africa .........................................................................120–121 comprehensive insight into the physical, North America Political ................................44–45 Africa Political....................................................122–123 political, and economic structure of each North America Physical .................................46–47 Africa Physical ....................................................124–125 continent, followed by detailed maps of North America satellite image .................48–49 Africa satellite image ....................................126–127 carefully selected geopolitical regions. Canada ........................................................................50–51 Northeast Africa .............................................128–129 Northern Canada ................................................52–53 Northwest Africa ..............................................130–131 Western Canada ..................................................54–55 West Africa including Cape Verde ........132–133 Southwest Canada ............................................56–57 Central Africa .....................................................134–135 East Africa .............................................................136–137 WORLD Eastern Canada ....................................................58–59 Southern Africa including United States of America..............................60–61 Madagascar and Comoros .........................138–139 US: NE States & Southeast Canada ........62–63 South Africa ........................................................140–141 The Solar System ..........................................8–9 US: Boston to Washington DC ..................64–65 Africa City Plans ...............................................142–143 US: Eastern States .............................................66–67 The Physical World ...................................10–11 US: Southeast States .......................................68–69 US: Texas ....................................................................70–71 Structure of the Earth ..........................12–13 EUROPE US: Great Lakes States ....................................72–73 Shaping the Landscape ........................14–15 US: Great Plains States ....................................74–75 US: Northwest States ......................................76–77 The World’s Oceans ................................16–17 Europe ....................................................................144–145 US: Southwest States .......................................78–79 Europe Political ................................................146–147 The Global Climate.................................18–19 US: California .........................................................80–81 Europe Physical ................................................148–149 US: Alaska & Hawaii ...........................................82–83 Europe satellite image ..................................150–151 Life on Earth .................................................20–21 Northern Mexico ...............................................84–85 Scandinavia, Finland & Iceland ...............152–153 Southern Mexico ...............................................86–87 Man’s Impact on Southern Scandinavia ..................................154–155 the Environment ......................................22–23 Central America ..................................................88–89 United Kingdom & Ireland ........................156–157 The Caribbean ......................................................90–91 Northern Britain & Ireland .......................158–159 Population & Settlement .................24–25 North American City Plans ..........................92–93 Southern Britain ...............................................160–161 Languages & Religion ...........................26–27 The Low Countries .........................................162–163 SOUTH France .....................................................................164–165 World Health .............................................28–29 AMERICA Northern France ..............................................166–167 Southern France & the Pyrenees .........168–169 Water Resources .......................................30–31 The Iberian Peninsula ....................................170–171 The Economic System ..........................32–33 South America .....................................................94–95 Southern Iberia .................................................172–173 South America Political .................................96–97 The Italian Peninsula ......................................174–175 Global Communication ......................34–35 South America Physical .................................98–99 The Alpine States & Northern Italy ...176–177 The Political World ................................36–37 South America satellite image ................100–101 Germany ...............................................................178–179 Northern South America ...........................102–103 Rhineland & Hamburg ..................................180–181 States, Borders, Western South America Central Europe ..................................................182–183 Conflicts & Disputes ..........................38–39 including Galapagos ......................................104–105 Southeast Europe ...........................................184–185 Amazon Basin ....................................................106–107 Time Zones ...........................................................40 Greece ....................................................................186–187 Eastern Brazil ....................................................108–109 Romania, Moldova & Ukraine ................188–189 Southeast Brazil ..................................................110–111 The Baltic States & Belarus .......................190–191 Central South America ..................................112–113 Russian Federation ..........................................192–193 River Plate ...............................................................114–115 Northern European Russia .......................194–195 Southern Argentina & Chile ......................116–117 Southern European Russia ........................196–197 Central Chile and Argentina ...............................118 The Mediterranean ........................................198–199 South America City Plans ....................................119 European City Plans ....................................200–203 Western China ................................................238–239 Australasia & Oceania satellite image ..................................................272–273 Southeast China ..............................................240–241 ASIA Australia ...............................................................274–275 Yangtze River Valley .....................................242–243 Southeast Australia ......................................276–277 Yellow River Valley .......................................244–245 New Zealand .....................................................278–279 Northeast China .............................................246–247 Papua New Guinea & Melanesia ..........280–281 Asia .........................................................................204–205 Korea & Japan ..................................................248–249 Micronesia ..........................................................282–283 Asia Political .....................................................206–207 Southern Japan .................................................250–251 Polynesia .............................................................284–285 Asia Physical .....................................................208–209 Northern Japan ...............................................252–253 Pacific Ocean ...................................................286–287 Asia satellite image ..........................................210–211 Southeast Asia .................................................254–255 Indian Ocean....................................................288–289 Southwest Asia ..................................................212–213 Mainland Southeast Asia ..........................256–257 Atlantic Ocean ................................................290–291 Turkey & the Caucasus .................................214–215 Western Maritime Southeast Asia ....258–259 Antarctica ...........................................................292–293 The Near East .....................................................216–217 Eastern Maritime Southeast Asia .......260–261 The Arctic ..........................................................294–295 Israel & Lebanon .............................................218–219 Philippines ..........................................................262–263 The Arabian Peninsula ................................220–221 Asian City Plans..............................................264–265 Iran...........................................................................222–223 INDEX & Central & South Asia ...................................224–225 GAZETTEER Kazakhstan .........................................................226–227 AUSTRALASIA Central Asia ......................................................228–229 & OCEANIA Afghanistan & Pakistan ...............................230–231 Geographical Comparisons....................296–297 Countries of the World ............................298–304 Northern India, Nepal & Bangladesh ....................................................232–233 Australasia & Oceania ................................266–267 Geographical Names .............................................305 Southern India & Sri Lanka ......................234–235 Australasia & Oceania Political ............268–269 Index ......................................................................306–432 East Asia ...............................................................236–237 Australasia & Oceania Physical ..............270–271 Credits/Acknowledgements .............................432 Key to regional maps Physical features Drainage features Communications Settlements Physical features (continued) elevation main river motorway / highway built up area sea features Golfe de Lion secondary river motorway / highway Andaman Sea 6000m / 19,686ft tertiary river (under construction) settlement population symbols INDIAN 4000m / 13,124ft minor river major road more than 5 million OCEAN 3000m / 9843ft main seasonal river minor road 1 million to 5 million 2000m / 6562ft secondary seasonal river tunnel (road) 500,000 to 1 million undersea features Barracuda Fracture Zone main railroad 1000m / 3281ft canal 100,000 to 500,000 500m / 1640ft waterfall minor railroad 50,000 to 100,000 Regions tunnel (railroad) ARMENIA 250m / 820ft rapids 10,000 to 50,000 country 100m / 328ft dam international airport fewer than 10,000 dependent territory with parent state NIUE (to NZ) sea level perennial lake country/dependent territory below sea level seasonal lake Borders capital city afeudtoernaol mreoguiosn / MINAS GERAIS autonomous / federal elevation above sea level perennial salt lake full international region / other 1st order internal other 1st order internal (mountain height) seasonal salt lake border administrative center administrative region MINSKAYA volcano reservoir uinntdeernfianteiodn al border 2nd order internal VOBLASTS’ administrative center pass salt flat / salt pan disputed de facto 2nd order internal border administrative elevation below sea level marsh / salt marsh region Vaucluse (depression depth) mangrove dcliasipmu tbeodr dteerrritorial Typographic key cultural region New England sand desert wadi indication of country extent (Pacific only) lava flow spring / well / waterhole / oasis indication of Physical features Settlements dependent territory coastline Ice features extent (Pacific only) landscape features Namib Desert capital city BEIJING Massif Central reef demarcation/ ANDES dependent territory atoll ice cap / sheet cease fire line capital city FORT-DE-FRANCE ice shelf afeudtoernaol mreoguiosn / b order headland Nordkapp other settlements Chicago glacier / snowfield Adana other 1st order internal sea depth summer pack ice limit administrative border elevation / Mount Meru Tizi Ozou sea level volcano / pass 4556 m winter pack ice limit 2nd order internal Yonezawa -250m / -820ft administrative border drainage features Lake Geneva Farnham Graticule features -2000m / -6562ft -4000m / -13,124ft Miscellaneous features rivers / canals Miscellaneous lines of latitude and spring / well / longitude / Equator waterhole / oasis / ancient wall waterfall / sites of interest / Tropics / Polar circles rapids / dam Mekong miscellaneous Valley of the Kings seamount / guyot symbol site of interest degrees of longitude / Tropics / undersea spot depth latitude scientific station ice features Vatnajökull Polar circles Antarctic Circle The Solar System The Solar System consists of our local star, the Sun, and THE MOON’S PHASES numerous objects that orbit the Sun – eight planets, five As the Moon orbits Earth, the currently recognized dwarf planets, over 165 moons relative positions of Moon, Sun and Earth continuously change. orbiting these planets and dwarf planets, and countless Thus, the angle at which the smaller bodies such as comets and asteroids. Including a Moon’s sunlit face is seen by an observer on Earth varies in a vast outer region that is populated only by comets, the cyclical fashion, producing the Solar System is about 9,300 billion miles (15,000 billion Moon’s phases, as shown at right. Each cycle takes 29.5 days. km) across. The much smaller region containing just 1. WAXING CRESCENT 2. FIRST QUARTER the Sun and planets is about 7.5 billion miles The Moon (12 billion km) across. The Sun, which contributes Earth’s only satellite, the Moon, is thought to over 99 percent of the mass of the entire Solar have formed 4.5 billion years ago from a cloud System, creates energy from nuclear reactions of debris produced when a large asteroid hit deep within its interior, providing the heat and the young Earth. The Moon is too small to have retained an atmosphere, and is therefore a light that make life on Earth possible. lifeless, dusty and dead world. However, although the Moon has only about 1 percent of the mass of the Earth, its gravity exerts an important influence on Earth’s oceans, manifest in the ebb and flow of the tides. What is a Planet? The Earth and Moon’s relative sizes are clear in this long-range image from space. The International Astronomical Union defines a Solar System planet as a near-spherical object that orbits the Sun (and no other body) and has D cleared the neighborhood around its orbit of L R other bodies. A dwarf planet is a planet that is O not big enough to have cleared its orbital W neighborhood. Extra-solar planets are objects orbiting stars other than the Sun. E H T 8 CERES (dwarf planet) MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS The Sun The Sun is a huge sphere of exceedingly hot plasma (ionized gas), consisting mainly of the elements hydrogen and helium. It formed about 4.6 billion years ago, when a swirling cloud of gas and dust began to contract under the influence of gravity. When the center of this cloud reached a critically high temperature, hydrogen nuclei started combining to form helium nuclei – a process called nuclear fusion – with the release of massive amounts of energy. This process continues to this day. JUPITER SOLAR ECLIPSE INSIDE THE SUN A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth The Sun has three internal layers. At its center is the core, and the Sun, casting its shadow on Earth’s surface. During a where temperatures reach 27 million°F (15 million°C) and Photosphere total eclipse (below), viewers along a strip of Earth’s surface, nuclear fusion occurs. The radiative zone is a called the area of totality, see the Sun totally blotted out for slightly cooler region through which energy a short time, as the umbra (Moon’s full shadow) sweeps over radiates away from the core. Further out, in them. Outside this area is a larger one, where the Sun the convective zone, plumes of hot plasma Core appears only partly obscured, as the penumbra (partial carry the energy towards the Sun’s visible shadow) passes over. surface layer, called the photosphere. Once there, the energy escapes as light, heat and Penumbra Area of other forms of radiation. Moon (partial totality Earth shadow) Radiative zone Sunlight Convective zone Prominences Sunspots mark are loops of gas Umbra (total Area of cooler areas arching above the shadow) partial eclipse of surface photosphere

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