Competition and Conflicts on Resource Use PDF
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Natural Resource Management and Policy Series Editors: David Zilberman · Renan Goetz · Alberto Garrido Susanne Hartard Wolfgang Liebert E ditors Competition and Confl icts on Resource Use Natural Resource Management and Policy Volume 46 Series Editors: DavidZilberman RenanGoetz AlbertoGarrido More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6360 Susanne Hartard (cid:129) Wolfgang Liebert Editors Competition and Conflicts on Resource Use Editors SusanneHartard WolfgangLiebert UniversityofAppliedSciencesTrier InstituteofSafety/SecurityandRisk EnvironmentalCampusBirkenfeld Sciences(ISR) Hoppsta¨dten-Weiersbach UniversityofNaturalResourcesand Germany LifeSciences(BOKU) Vienna Austria ISBN978-3-319-10953-4 ISBN978-3-319-10954-1(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-10954-1 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014957318 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Contents 1 Preamble.. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 1 SusanneHartard PartI RoleofResourcesforInternationalConflictConstellations 2 RisksbyVolatilityandPeaksofResourcesMarketPrices. . . . . . . 15 SusanneHartard 3 ClimateChangeandConflict. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 RagnhildNorda˚sandNilsPetterGleditsch 4 ForgingWarorPeace?TheRoleoftheStateinExtractive EconomiesofSub-SaharanAfrica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 MarieMu¨ller-Kone´ andPeterCroll PartII ConflictsonFossilandNuclearEnergySupply 5 TheLifecycleofOil:ProblemsandConflicts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 DirkIpsen 6 NuclearFuelChain:UraniumResourcesandAssociated Risks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 WolfgangLiebertandMatthiasEnglert 7 ConflictsonNuclearEnergyUse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 MichaelSailer PartIII PerspectivesofStrategicMaterialResourcesManagement 8 ClosingtheLoopforRareMetalsUsedinConsumerProducts: OpportunitiesandChallenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 ChristianHagelu¨ken v vi Contents 9 PossibleResourceRestrictionsfortheFutureLarge-Scale ProductionofElectricCars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 EckardHelmers PartIV SustainableSolutionsforResourceConsumption 10 TechnologicalInnovationandAnthropogenicMaterial Flows. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. 135 LiselotteSchebek,Witold-RogerPoganietz,SilkeFeifel, andSaskiaZiemann 11 IllicittradewithColtanandImplicationsforCertification. . . . . . . 155 RaimundBleischwitz,MonikaDittrich,andChiaraPierdicca 12 CertifiedTradingChainsinMineralProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 GudrunFranken,Ju¨rgenVasters,UlrikeDorner,PhilipSchu¨tte, DirkKu¨ster,andUweNa¨her 13 PeaceandSecuritybyResourcesSelf-SubsistenceStrategies. . . . . 187 SusanneHartard 14 ResponsibleMaterialFlowManagement:TheCaseofWaste ManagementinDevelopingCountries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 JohannFellner PartV WaterConflictPreventionbyWaterResourceManagement 15 WaterGap:TheOveruseofFreshWater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 ThomasKluge 16 TheManagementofWaterResourcesUnderConditionsof ScarcityinCentralNorthernNamibia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 MartinZimmermann,MarianBrenda,AlexanderJokisch, andWilhelmUrban PartVI ResourceAspectsinRenewableEnergyTechnologies 17 SustainableLandUse:FoodProductionorFuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 AnnaHenneckeandNilsRettenmaier 18 StrategicResourcesforEmergingTechnologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 VolkerZepf,BenjaminAchzet,andArminReller 19 PerspectivesonPhotovoltaicEnergyConversion:Dependency onMaterialChoices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 WolframJaegermann Chapter 1 Preamble SusanneHartard The publication “Competition and Conflicts on Resource Use” is based on inter- disciplinary peace research activities at Technische Universita¨t Darmstadt, Germany, supported by a TU Darmstadt funded conference in close co-operation with the Interdisciplinary Research Group in Science, Technology and Security IANUS—Interdisziplina¨reArbeitsgruppeNaturwissenschaft,Technik,Sicherheit. Thefirsteditorofthebook,Prof.Dr.-Ing.SusanneHartard,worked7yearsasa post-doc researcher at the faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute WAR, Chair Industrial Material Cycles and was a member in the IANUS group in Darmstadt forseveralyears.In2008sheleftfortheprofessorshipIndustrialEcology,Faculty of Environmental Business Economics, Environmental Campus Birkenfeld, Trier University of Applied Sciences. The editor is working on resilience strategies for resources management and advanced resources cascades and cycling solutions, both strategies intend to decouple companies from unsustainable and unsecure internationalresourcessupply. The second editor of this book Univ. Prof. Dipl.-Phys. Dr.phil.nat. Wolfgang Liebert, Institute of Safety/Security and Risk Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna Austria has been the scientific director of IANUS until 2012 and left TU Darmstadt for the professorship at BOKU,Vienna. Natural Resource Management and Policy is increasingly pushed by resources access questions. Resources price peaks and volatility, trade embargos and civil warsontheAfricancontinentopenedanewdiscourseonfutureresourcessecurity. The growing world population is confronted with limited resource availability. S.Hartard(*) UniversityofAppliedSciencesTrier,EnvironmentalCampusBirkenfeld,Geba¨ude:9912 Raum:008,55768Hoppsta¨dten-Weiersbach,Germany e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 1 S.Hartard,W.Liebert(eds.),CompetitionandConflictsonResourceUse,Natural ResourceManagementandPolicy46,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-10954-1_1 2 S.Hartard There is a risk of future armed conflicts with a resource background and growing competitionoverresourcedeposits(Klare2002;Collier2010;CollierandHoeffler 2011;OECD2011;Diamond2005;Welzer2012). With the rising awareness on limited resources availability for innovative key technologiesandincreasingpricevolatilityonscarceminerals,theresearchonthe competitionandconflictsonresourceusehasbeenupgradedallovertheworld.The ongoingnationalresourceinterestsintheNorthPoleRegionshowthattheresearch fieldisnotlosingitstimelinessandisratedasaserioustopicforfutureinternational peace work. The unequal distribution of fossil energy resources causes ongoing crisessincetheoilcrisisof1973andnaturalgaspipelineshavebecomeoneofthe weakconnectionsofgassupplyandgasdemandingcountries. Thebookcombines contributionsfromseveral disciplines, nuclearenergypro- fessionals, peace researchers, environmental engineeringscientists and experts on sustainable resources management. The broad-based approach of the book is intendedandoffersthereaderthenumerousdifferentfacetsofresourcescompeti- tion and conflicts. The future organization of a sustainable and fair access to resources needs a holistic understanding of resource price dynamics, analysis of resourceconsumptionandreserves,reflectiononcompetitionsofcountriesonnew found natural resources, competition on single substances needed in emerging technologies and the understanding that the limitation to growth (Meadows et al. 1972) of economy in form of material extraction is also bound to emerging technologies. That means especially the consumption of rare earth elements and noble metals is related to a limited availability and high price. The competition betweenfossilenergycarrierswillincreaseintheendingfossilera,eveniffracking technologiesandnewextractionareasliketheNorthPoleanddeep-seawillprolong thepossibleextractiontime.Thereisahigh riskofanincreaseofgloballand-use competitions on arable land, needed not only for food or biofuel, but used to producefodder,constructionmaterial,pharmacy,dyesandindustrialchemicalsin generalforafuturebio-basedeconomy.Thebookcanbecharacterizedbytwomain intentions: Thefirstintentionisthereflectiononcausesofresourcesconflictandcompeti- tions, which is accomplished through general analysis of growing price volatility andtheconnectionofclimatechangeandresourcesconflicts(PartI). Thebookismainlystructuredaccordingtoresource,startswithclassicconflicts in the energy sector, oil, gas and uranium as limited available energy resources (PartII).Theperspectiveofuraniumasafiniteelementisrarelypartofthepublic debateonnuclearenergyuseandthereforeavaluableadditionalinformation. Asakeyareamineralresourcesandespeciallythosematerials,usedinemerging technologies (cell phones, IT, electronic devices) are discussed. The survey of Angerer et al. (2009) can be seen as an important kick-off and motivator for opening a deeper discourse on HighTech and GreenTech material supply in Ger- many(PartsIIandIV,PartI). Especiallycriticalpublicvoicesonenergytransition(“Energiewende”)callfor technologyassessmentofsolarcellsandwindpowerplants.Thatwasthereasonto 1 Preamble 3 also invite PV experts to analyse the material consumption of the solar cell generations outlined in Part VI. The worldwide expansion plans for wind power, especiallyoff-shoreplantswithgearlessdrivesarethusfarboundtoNeodymiumas an input material, one of the elements been affected by rising prices and limited availability,anddiscussedinPartsIIIandVI. The growing demand of renewable materials opens a competition for arable land,traditionallyusedforfoodandfodderproduction.Biofuelsandthefutureneed ofenergycrops,biopolymercrops(starch,cellulose,oil)andothercropsfordyes, pharmaceuticals, construction material and textiles will intensify the land use competition. So far there is hardly a global regulation to prevent capital rich investors to appropriate land on other continents for future supply purposes of their home country. Capital market prices and attractive export market conditions lead farmers to decide with a one-sided view on their crop rotation. The result is often unsustainable monoculture for maize, oil-palms, sugar-cane and soya in wholestateswithabadimpactonecosystemqualityandwatercirculation. The second intention is the consideration of solutions to reduce the resources risksandcompetitionbyseveralinstruments.Thesolutionsaddressboththemacro- economic and micro-economic level. The book offers contributions on resources management policy of countries. Examples are the certification and control schemes for a responsible resources import of coltan and diamonds, based on the civil-warproblemsinSubSaharanAfricancountries(PartsIandIV). Generalsolutionsforasecure andsustainableresourcesupplyofferthe contri- butions on waste management (Part IV), technological innovations (Part IV) and emerging technologies (Part VI). A limited availability of resources induces a responsible circular economy. Germany is internationally known for its excellent collectionsystemforrecyclingmaterialandrecyclingtechnologies.Responsibility ontheglobalmarketmeanstosettheexampleindevelopingcountries.Achallenge is the extension of the recyclability of vapour deposited materials, nanomaterials and composites. Waste management and water management are closing loops, supportingCircularEconomy. Water conflicts have increased due to rising demand of the growing world population and climate change. Known conflicts are between Israel and Jordan (river Jordan), Egypt and Sudan (Nile river), India and Pakistan (Indus river) and Turkey and Syria (Euphrates river). A recent monitoring of water resources con- flictshasbeenpublishedbyWolf(2013).Internationalwaterconflictmanagement programmeshavebeenstarted(Wolf2009).Riverbasinmanagement,usedforbig European rivers like the river Rhine is one sustainable approach to integrate nationalinterestsinacollectivesustainablemanagementsystem.Integratedwater management, presented by the authors of TU Darmstadt IWAR (Part V) is an approach especially for arid and semi-arid countries like Namibia who fight over thegeneralshortageofwaterbecauseofspecialclimaticconditions. As water is one of the recurring problems on earth (polluted rivers and sea in China, missing sanitation systems in Asia and Africa, missing access in many developingcountries,missingirrigationwater,radioactivepollution)thecontribu- tiononthe“overuseoffreshwater”(PartV)fromaknownGermanwaterspecialist
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