Table Of ContentNatural Resource Management and Policy
Series Editors: David Zilberman · Renan Goetz · Alberto Garrido
Susanne Hartard
Wolfgang Liebert E ditors
Competition
and Confl icts
on Resource
Use
Natural Resource Management and Policy
Volume 46
Series Editors:
DavidZilberman
RenanGoetz
AlbertoGarrido
More information about this series at
http://www.springer.com/series/6360
Susanne Hartard (cid:129) Wolfgang Liebert
Editors
Competition and Conflicts
on Resource Use
Editors
SusanneHartard WolfgangLiebert
UniversityofAppliedSciencesTrier InstituteofSafety/SecurityandRisk
EnvironmentalCampusBirkenfeld Sciences(ISR)
Hoppsta¨dten-Weiersbach UniversityofNaturalResourcesand
Germany LifeSciences(BOKU)
Vienna
Austria
ISBN978-3-319-10953-4 ISBN978-3-319-10954-1(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-10954-1
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014957318
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Contents
1 Preamble.. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 1
SusanneHartard
PartI RoleofResourcesforInternationalConflictConstellations
2 RisksbyVolatilityandPeaksofResourcesMarketPrices. . . . . . . 15
SusanneHartard
3 ClimateChangeandConflict. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
RagnhildNorda˚sandNilsPetterGleditsch
4 ForgingWarorPeace?TheRoleoftheStateinExtractive
EconomiesofSub-SaharanAfrica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
MarieMu¨ller-Kone´ andPeterCroll
PartII ConflictsonFossilandNuclearEnergySupply
5 TheLifecycleofOil:ProblemsandConflicts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
DirkIpsen
6 NuclearFuelChain:UraniumResourcesandAssociated
Risks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
WolfgangLiebertandMatthiasEnglert
7 ConflictsonNuclearEnergyUse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
MichaelSailer
PartIII PerspectivesofStrategicMaterialResourcesManagement
8 ClosingtheLoopforRareMetalsUsedinConsumerProducts:
OpportunitiesandChallenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
ChristianHagelu¨ken
v
vi Contents
9 PossibleResourceRestrictionsfortheFutureLarge-Scale
ProductionofElectricCars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
EckardHelmers
PartIV SustainableSolutionsforResourceConsumption
10 TechnologicalInnovationandAnthropogenicMaterial
Flows. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. 135
LiselotteSchebek,Witold-RogerPoganietz,SilkeFeifel,
andSaskiaZiemann
11 IllicittradewithColtanandImplicationsforCertification. . . . . . . 155
RaimundBleischwitz,MonikaDittrich,andChiaraPierdicca
12 CertifiedTradingChainsinMineralProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
GudrunFranken,Ju¨rgenVasters,UlrikeDorner,PhilipSchu¨tte,
DirkKu¨ster,andUweNa¨her
13 PeaceandSecuritybyResourcesSelf-SubsistenceStrategies. . . . . 187
SusanneHartard
14 ResponsibleMaterialFlowManagement:TheCaseofWaste
ManagementinDevelopingCountries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
JohannFellner
PartV WaterConflictPreventionbyWaterResourceManagement
15 WaterGap:TheOveruseofFreshWater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
ThomasKluge
16 TheManagementofWaterResourcesUnderConditionsof
ScarcityinCentralNorthernNamibia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
MartinZimmermann,MarianBrenda,AlexanderJokisch,
andWilhelmUrban
PartVI ResourceAspectsinRenewableEnergyTechnologies
17 SustainableLandUse:FoodProductionorFuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
AnnaHenneckeandNilsRettenmaier
18 StrategicResourcesforEmergingTechnologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
VolkerZepf,BenjaminAchzet,andArminReller
19 PerspectivesonPhotovoltaicEnergyConversion:Dependency
onMaterialChoices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
WolframJaegermann
Chapter 1
Preamble
SusanneHartard
The publication “Competition and Conflicts on Resource Use” is based on inter-
disciplinary peace research activities at Technische Universita¨t Darmstadt,
Germany, supported by a TU Darmstadt funded conference in close co-operation
with the Interdisciplinary Research Group in Science, Technology and Security
IANUS—Interdisziplina¨reArbeitsgruppeNaturwissenschaft,Technik,Sicherheit.
Thefirsteditorofthebook,Prof.Dr.-Ing.SusanneHartard,worked7yearsasa
post-doc researcher at the faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute WAR, Chair
Industrial Material Cycles and was a member in the IANUS group in Darmstadt
forseveralyears.In2008sheleftfortheprofessorshipIndustrialEcology,Faculty
of Environmental Business Economics, Environmental Campus Birkenfeld, Trier
University of Applied Sciences. The editor is working on resilience strategies for
resources management and advanced resources cascades and cycling solutions,
both strategies intend to decouple companies from unsustainable and unsecure
internationalresourcessupply.
The second editor of this book Univ. Prof. Dipl.-Phys. Dr.phil.nat. Wolfgang
Liebert, Institute of Safety/Security and Risk Sciences, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna Austria has been the scientific
director of IANUS until 2012 and left TU Darmstadt for the professorship at
BOKU,Vienna.
Natural Resource Management and Policy is increasingly pushed by resources
access questions. Resources price peaks and volatility, trade embargos and civil
warsontheAfricancontinentopenedanewdiscourseonfutureresourcessecurity.
The growing world population is confronted with limited resource availability.
S.Hartard(*)
UniversityofAppliedSciencesTrier,EnvironmentalCampusBirkenfeld,Geba¨ude:9912
Raum:008,55768Hoppsta¨dten-Weiersbach,Germany
e-mail:s.hartard@umwelt-campus.de
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 1
S.Hartard,W.Liebert(eds.),CompetitionandConflictsonResourceUse,Natural
ResourceManagementandPolicy46,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-10954-1_1
2 S.Hartard
There is a risk of future armed conflicts with a resource background and growing
competitionoverresourcedeposits(Klare2002;Collier2010;CollierandHoeffler
2011;OECD2011;Diamond2005;Welzer2012).
With the rising awareness on limited resources availability for innovative key
technologiesandincreasingpricevolatilityonscarceminerals,theresearchonthe
competitionandconflictsonresourceusehasbeenupgradedallovertheworld.The
ongoingnationalresourceinterestsintheNorthPoleRegionshowthattheresearch
fieldisnotlosingitstimelinessandisratedasaserioustopicforfutureinternational
peace work. The unequal distribution of fossil energy resources causes ongoing
crisessincetheoilcrisisof1973andnaturalgaspipelineshavebecomeoneofthe
weakconnectionsofgassupplyandgasdemandingcountries.
Thebookcombines contributionsfromseveral disciplines, nuclearenergypro-
fessionals, peace researchers, environmental engineeringscientists and experts on
sustainable resources management. The broad-based approach of the book is
intendedandoffersthereaderthenumerousdifferentfacetsofresourcescompeti-
tion and conflicts. The future organization of a sustainable and fair access to
resources needs a holistic understanding of resource price dynamics, analysis of
resourceconsumptionandreserves,reflectiononcompetitionsofcountriesonnew
found natural resources, competition on single substances needed in emerging
technologies and the understanding that the limitation to growth (Meadows
et al. 1972) of economy in form of material extraction is also bound to emerging
technologies. That means especially the consumption of rare earth elements and
noble metals is related to a limited availability and high price. The competition
betweenfossilenergycarrierswillincreaseintheendingfossilera,eveniffracking
technologiesandnewextractionareasliketheNorthPoleanddeep-seawillprolong
thepossibleextractiontime.Thereisahigh riskofanincreaseofgloballand-use
competitions on arable land, needed not only for food or biofuel, but used to
producefodder,constructionmaterial,pharmacy,dyesandindustrialchemicalsin
generalforafuturebio-basedeconomy.Thebookcanbecharacterizedbytwomain
intentions:
Thefirstintentionisthereflectiononcausesofresourcesconflictandcompeti-
tions, which is accomplished through general analysis of growing price volatility
andtheconnectionofclimatechangeandresourcesconflicts(PartI).
Thebookismainlystructuredaccordingtoresource,startswithclassicconflicts
in the energy sector, oil, gas and uranium as limited available energy resources
(PartII).Theperspectiveofuraniumasafiniteelementisrarelypartofthepublic
debateonnuclearenergyuseandthereforeavaluableadditionalinformation.
Asakeyareamineralresourcesandespeciallythosematerials,usedinemerging
technologies (cell phones, IT, electronic devices) are discussed. The survey of
Angerer et al. (2009) can be seen as an important kick-off and motivator for
opening a deeper discourse on HighTech and GreenTech material supply in Ger-
many(PartsIIandIV,PartI).
Especiallycriticalpublicvoicesonenergytransition(“Energiewende”)callfor
technologyassessmentofsolarcellsandwindpowerplants.Thatwasthereasonto
1 Preamble 3
also invite PV experts to analyse the material consumption of the solar cell
generations outlined in Part VI. The worldwide expansion plans for wind power,
especiallyoff-shoreplantswithgearlessdrivesarethusfarboundtoNeodymiumas
an input material, one of the elements been affected by rising prices and limited
availability,anddiscussedinPartsIIIandVI.
The growing demand of renewable materials opens a competition for arable
land,traditionallyusedforfoodandfodderproduction.Biofuelsandthefutureneed
ofenergycrops,biopolymercrops(starch,cellulose,oil)andothercropsfordyes,
pharmaceuticals, construction material and textiles will intensify the land use
competition. So far there is hardly a global regulation to prevent capital rich
investors to appropriate land on other continents for future supply purposes of
their home country. Capital market prices and attractive export market conditions
lead farmers to decide with a one-sided view on their crop rotation. The result is
often unsustainable monoculture for maize, oil-palms, sugar-cane and soya in
wholestateswithabadimpactonecosystemqualityandwatercirculation.
The second intention is the consideration of solutions to reduce the resources
risksandcompetitionbyseveralinstruments.Thesolutionsaddressboththemacro-
economic and micro-economic level. The book offers contributions on resources
management policy of countries. Examples are the certification and control
schemes for a responsible resources import of coltan and diamonds, based on the
civil-warproblemsinSubSaharanAfricancountries(PartsIandIV).
Generalsolutionsforasecure andsustainableresourcesupplyofferthe contri-
butions on waste management (Part IV), technological innovations (Part IV) and
emerging technologies (Part VI). A limited availability of resources induces a
responsible circular economy. Germany is internationally known for its excellent
collectionsystemforrecyclingmaterialandrecyclingtechnologies.Responsibility
ontheglobalmarketmeanstosettheexampleindevelopingcountries.Achallenge
is the extension of the recyclability of vapour deposited materials, nanomaterials
and composites. Waste management and water management are closing loops,
supportingCircularEconomy.
Water conflicts have increased due to rising demand of the growing world
population and climate change. Known conflicts are between Israel and Jordan
(river Jordan), Egypt and Sudan (Nile river), India and Pakistan (Indus river) and
Turkey and Syria (Euphrates river). A recent monitoring of water resources con-
flictshasbeenpublishedbyWolf(2013).Internationalwaterconflictmanagement
programmeshavebeenstarted(Wolf2009).Riverbasinmanagement,usedforbig
European rivers like the river Rhine is one sustainable approach to integrate
nationalinterestsinacollectivesustainablemanagementsystem.Integratedwater
management, presented by the authors of TU Darmstadt IWAR (Part V) is an
approach especially for arid and semi-arid countries like Namibia who fight over
thegeneralshortageofwaterbecauseofspecialclimaticconditions.
As water is one of the recurring problems on earth (polluted rivers and sea in
China, missing sanitation systems in Asia and Africa, missing access in many
developingcountries,missingirrigationwater,radioactivepollution)thecontribu-
tiononthe“overuseoffreshwater”(PartV)fromaknownGermanwaterspecialist
