Competing Interactions and Microstructures: Statics and Dynamics: Proceedings of the CMS Workshop, Los Alamos, New Mexico, May 5–8, 1987

281 Pages·1988·12.672 MB·English

by  V. Heine (auth.), Dr. Richard LeSar, Dr. Alan Bishop, Dr. Robert Heffner (eds.)

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Competing Interactions
and Microstructures:
Statics and Dynamics
Proceedings of the eMS Workshop,
Los Alamos, New Mexico, May 5-8, 1987
Editors: R. LeSar, A. Bishop, and R. Heffner
With 160 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Dr. Richard LeSar
Dr. Alan Bishop
Dr. Robert Heffner
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-73500-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-73498-4
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-73498-4
Library of Congress. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. CMS Workshop (1987: Los
Alamos, N.M.) Competing interactions and microstructures: statics and dynamics: proceedings ofthe CMS
Workshop, Los Alamos, New Mexico, May 5-8, 1987/ editors, R. LeSar, A. Bishop, and R. Heffner. p.cm.
(Springer proceedings in physics; v.27) Includes index. 1. Condensed matter - Congresses. 2. Phase
transformations (Statistical physics) - Congresses. 3. Dynamics - Congresses 4. Statics - Congresses.
I. LeSar, R. (Richard), 1953-. II. Bishop, A. (Alan), 1947-. III. Heffner, R. (Robert), 1942-. IV. Title. V.Series.
QC173.4C65C581987 530.4'1 - dc19 88-6472
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Preface
Many macroscopic properties of materials, such as strength and response,
are determined primarily by inhomogeneous structures and textures. These
intermediate-scale "mesoscale" structures most often arise from competing
or, sometimes, cooperating interactions, which stem fromjnteractions within
a material that operate on different length scales or in opposing (or cooperat
ing) manners. Our understanding of such phenomena has increased substan
tially with the identification and theoretical description of solid-state materi
als with incommensurate and long-period modulated phases - ferroelectrics,
charge-density-wave compounds, epitaxial layers, polytypes, molecular or
der/ disorder, etc. Furthermore, the experimental diagnosis of inhomoge
neous ground states and metastable phases has advanced such that these are
now well-accepted phenomena, at least in specific solid-state and condensed
matter communities. As conference organizers, we felt that it was timely to
bring together a diverse group of physicists and materials scientists to review
developments in this area and to examine possible future directions; in partic
ular, how the microscopic understanding emerging in "bench-top" solid-state
systems can be applied to materials science. To that end, the workshop
"Competing Interactions and Microstructures: Statics and Dynamics" was
held at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, May 5-8, 1987.
The workshop can be loosely divided into three areas: the physics of
competing interactions; how the structures that arise from these interactions
affect material properties (especially phases and phase transitions); and the
dynamics of such phenomena (the study of which is far less advanced, and
thus appears to us to be an important direction for the future).
The balance between interactions in condensed phases can lead to very
complex structures. The theoretical understanding of these structures is
complicated by the fact that they are often of an intermediate scale, with
characteristic lengths on the order of hundreds of angstroms to micrometers,
whereas the interactions that lead to these structures are short ranged, ex
tending over only a few neighbors. Much progress has been made in this area
by studying phenomenological models, such as the ANNNI model,' which
build competition between structures into the Hamiltonian describing the
systems in relatively simple ways. While these basic models are quite suc
cessful in describing such phenomena as domain structure, glassy response,
etc., the physics of the real systems is rich, and only beginning to be explored.
In Part I, four articles, which are by nature reviews and which address these
v
fundamental questions, are given. The introduction to the physics of com
peting interactions by V. Heine sets the stage for many of the discussions
to follow. The article by G. van Tendeloo does the same for the experimen
tally important technique of electron diffraction. H. Aaronson then gives a
materials scientist's view of phase transitions, while J. Krumhansl presents a
physicist's view.
In Part II, the discussions center on the intermediate-scale structures
caused by the microscopic interactions, which determine to a large extent
the macroscopic properties of materials. Of particular interest are "precur
sor structures" (<;>r "pretransformation microstructures") which are known
to be important for technologically relevant materials such as martensites
(perhaps even including the newly discovered oxide superconductors), fer
roelectrics, omega phase materials, and polytypes. These newly emerging
and unifying concepts are examples of the interface between microscopic and
macroscopic approaches to materials. Also included are discussions of the
roles of competing interactions in quasi-two-dimensional systems - atoms on
or between layers of graphite - as well as superlattices and liquid crystals.
The study of the large-scale dynamics of these structures is limited to
poorly communicating fields and models, such as ideal- and disordered-F'ren
kel-Kontorova models, random-field spin models, spin glasses, weakly pinned
charge-density waves, etc. In fact, these various models share many char
acteristics (e.g. hysteretic and "glassy" dynamics), and it seems reasonable
now to expect that underlying systematics and phenomenology will emerge
if we study them side by side. In Part III, we have a series of papers that
discuss these dynamics, from charge-density waves to spin glasses to grain
growth to more abstract neural networks.
Sponsorship of this workshop was provided by the Center for Materials
Science at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. We are thankful for the ex
pert secretarial help from the Center for Materials Science: Stella Taylor and
Bettye McCulla. We also thank the Los Alamos National Laboratory for use
of their excellent conference facilities and organizational staff, in particular
Luz Woodwell.
The prospect of developing a microsopic understanding of the macroscopic
properties of materials is an exciting one, and one that needs a synthesis of
different perspectives. We hope that this series of articles - representing the
work of physicists, chemists, and materials scientists - can help to promote
this synthesis.
Los Alamos R. LeBar
November 1987 A.,R. Bishop
R.H. Heffner
VI
Contents
Part I Introductory Surveys
The Microscopic Understanding of Modulated Structures and
Polytypes. By V. Heine (With 7 Figures) ................... 2
Electron Microscopy of Static and Dynamic Phenomena
By G. Van Tendeloo, J. Van Landuyt, and S. Amelincla
(With 11 Figures) ..................................... 19
Some Problems for Physicists in First Order Diffusional Phase
Transformations in Crystalline Solids
By H.I. Aaronson and RV. Ramanujan (With 16 Figures) ....... 30
Competing Displacive Interactions, Phonon Anomalies, and Structural
Transitions Which Do Not "Soften"
By J .A. Krumhansl (With 6 Figures) ....................... 50
Part II Statics
Competing Interactions and the Origins of Polytypism
By G.D. Price and J.M. Yeomans (With 5 Figures) ............ 60
On the Systematics of Phase Transformations in Metallic Alloys
By L.E. Tanner (With 10 Figures) ......................... 74
Neutron and X-Ray Scattering Studies of Premartensitic Phenomena
By S.M. Shapiro (With 6 Figures) ......................... 84
Statics and Dynamics of Twin Boundaries in Martensites
By B. Horovitz, G.R Barsch, and J.A. Krumhansl (With 5 Figures) 95
The Frenkel-Kontorova Model with Nonconvex Interparticle
Interactions
By S. Marianer, A.R Bishop, and J. Pouget (With 3 Figures) 104
CU3Pd Observed by High-Voltage Electron Microscopy
By J. Kulik, S. Takeda, and D. de Fontaine (With 12 Figures) 110
VII
Existence and Formation of LPAPB Structures in Pt3V Studied
Using High Resolution Electron Microscopy. By D. Schryvers,
G. Van Tendeloo, and S. Amelinckx (With 5 Figures) ........... 123
Dense Packings of Hard Spheres. By J. Villain, K.Y. Szeto,
B. Minchau, and W. Reilz (With 6 Figures) .................. 128
Competing Interactions in Metallic Supedattices
By C.M. Falco, J.L. Makous, J.A. Bell, W.R. Bennett, R. Zanoni,
G.!. Stegeman, and C.T. Seaton (With 3 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 139
Quasi-Two-Dimensional Phase Transitions in Graphite Intercalation
Compounds. By G. Dresselhaus, M.S. Dresselhaus, and J.T. Nicholls
(With 8 Figures) ...................................... 146
Structure and Modeling of 2D Alkali Liquids in Graphite
By S.C. Moss, X.B. Kan, J.D. Fan, J.L. Robertson, G. Reiter,
and O.A. Karim (With 2 Figures) ......................... 158
Microstructures of Rare-Gas Films Adsorbed on Graphite: Classical
and Quantum Simulations. By F.F. Abraham (With 7 Figures) 167
New Theory for Competing Interactions and Microstructures in
Partially Ordered (Liquid-Crystalline) Phases. By F. Dowell ...... 177
Part III Dynamics
Defects, Hysteresis and Memory Effects in Modulated Systems
By J.P. Jamet (With 8 Figures) .......................... 184
Competing Interactions: Charge Density Waves and Impurities
By G. Gruner (With 8 Figures) ........................... 202
Dynamical Excitations of Site-Diluted Magnets. By R. Orbach,
A. Aharony, S. Alexander, and O. Entin-Wohlman (With 3 Figures) 212
Random Field Effects in Dilute Antiferromagnets
By D.P. Belanger (With 6 Figures) ........................ 221
Spin Glasses. By A.P. Young. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 236
Neural Networks: A Tutorial. By E. Domany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 241
Ordering Kinetics in Quasi-One-Dimensional Systems and Polymer
Melts. By K. Kawasaki (With 2 Figures) .................... 243
Effects of Impurities on Domain Growth. By D.J. Srolovitz,
G.S. Grest, G.N. Hassold, and R. Eykholt (With 14 Figures) .. . . .. 254
Introduction to Growth Oscillations. By R. Savit (With 7 Figures) . 263
Index of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 274
VIII
Part I
Introductory Surveys
The Microscopic Understanding of Modulated
Structures and Polytypes
V. Heine
Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road,
Cambridge, CB3 ORE, UK
Abstract
Incommensurate structures and polytypes show a variety of phenomena.
These result from the interplay of various forces in solids, sometimes
cooperation and sometimes competition between them. A general
understanding now exists of the origin of modulated structures and polytypes.
Computer simulation on some simple archetypal materials validates the general
mechanisms and improves our understanding of the details.
1. Introduction
The relevance of incommensurate (IC) structures and polytypes to the present
workshop is that they represent a certain kind of texture. The texture is
regularly periodic but that is not the main point. Scientifically the interesting
question about these materials is "Why do they do it?" When we understand
that we understand more about the combinations of forces in solids which can
lead to various texture phenomena. There is nothing very interesting about a
piece of rock salt. It is cubic, and that is about about all it does. That does not
get us much further in understanding the interplay of solid state forces. By
contrast IC structures show a wealth of phenomena. Some have a purely
sinusoidal modulation whereas others form sharp antiphase boundaries as in
polytypes. Some are incommensurate while others have a wave vector that
locks on to rational fractions of a reciprocal lattice vector to form long period
superlattices. Some exist as equilibrium phases only over a narrow
temperature range while other are stable apparently to 0 K. We shall therefore
be concerned in this opening paper with the origin and stability of IC
structures and polytypes, with the squaring up of the modulation wave form,
and with the wave vector locking on to commensurate rational values. All
these phenomena have their counterpart in more general non-periodic
textures.
The present state of the subject is that there is a general theoretical
understanding of several microscopic mechanisms that can give rise to I C
structures [1]. A brief summary and classification of these will be given in
Sect. 2. In some materials one can identify more or less plausibly the
microscopic mechanism, whereas in others it is far from clear. The next step is
to study a few archetypal cases in detail by computer simulation and
quantitative theory. That serves to validate the general mechanisms and to
2