Comparison of the Effects of Aerobic Dance to Water Aerobic Training on Maximal Oxygen

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Grand Valley State University
ScholarWorks@GVSU
Masters Theses Graduate Research and Creative Practice
1996
Comparison of the Effects of Aerobic Dance to
Water Aerobic Training on Maximal Oxygen
Consumption
Terri L. Bedford
Grand Valley State University
Tamara A. Dusterwinkle
Grand Valley State University
Darcy J. Hoppman
Grand Valley State University
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Bedford, Terri L.; Dusterwinkle, Tamara A.; and Hoppman, Darcy J., "Comparison of the Effects of Aerobic Dance to Water Aerobic
Training on Maximal Oxygen Consumption" (1996).Masters Theses. 270.
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COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF AEROBIC DANCE
TO WATER AEROBIC TRAINING ON MAXIMAL
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION
By
Terri L. Bedford
Tamara A. Dusterwinkle
Darcy J. Hoppman
THESIS
Submitted to the Department of Physical Therapy
at Grand Valley State University
Allendale, Michigan
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PHYSICAL THERAPY
1996
THESIS COMMITTEE APPROVAL:
-7
,/Chair: James Scott P.E.S. Date
Member; Brian Curry Ph/D. %te
Member: Karen Ozga M.M.Sc., P.T. Date
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF AEROBIC DANCE TO WATER
AEROBIC TRAINING ON MAXIMAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION
ABSTRACT
Water aerobics is one mode of exercise that is gaining popularity. Water aerobics
allows adults who participate in an exercise program to improve their cardiorespiratory
fitness. The purpose of this study was to determine if water aerobic training is as
effective as land dance aerobic training in improving cardiorespiratory fitness in
sedentary healthy adults. Eighteen subjects participated in this study; nine in dance
aerobics and nine in water aerobics. Before and after eight weeks of training, subjects
performed a graded maximal exercise test on a Schwinn Air-Dyne while maximal oxygen
uptake was measured via a Beckman Metabolic Cart. ANCOVA was used to analyze the
data with mode, age, weight, and prior activity level as covariates. There was no
significant difference found in the training effects between the water and land aerobics
and both groups improved their maximal oxygen uptake significantly (p-value = 0.004).
Therefore, water aerobics appears to be an effective means of improving cardiorespiratoiy
fitness in sedentary healthy adults.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to extend our appreciation to the following individuals who
contributed their time, knowledge, and advice in support of our research; Dr. Brian
Curry, Karen Ozga, Mike Stodola, Dewey Newsome, the participants in our study, and
our families. The investigators wish to extend a special thanks to James Scott, committee
chairman, whose many long hours of assistance helped provide a valuable learning
experience.
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PREFACE
Hypothesis
There will be no significant difference in improvements in V02 max following eight
weeks of dance aerobic training and eight weeks of water aerobic training in healthy
sedentary adults.
Operational Definition of Terms
1. Low-impact aerobic dance: At least one foot is touching the floor throughout the
aerobic portion of the workout, with non ballistic movements that consist of large upper
body movements with a wide range of motion.
2. Sedentary: Individuals who do not engage in regular aerobic physical activity of 20
minutes or more duration greater than two times per week.
3. V02 max: The largest rate of oxygen consumption achieved during exercise at sea
level: expressed in liters per minute (L/min) or milliliters per kilogram of body weight
per minute (ml/kg/min).
4. Water aerobics: Continuous rhythmic exercise routines in waist to chest deep water
using various muscle groups.
Ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................... ii
PREFACE ........................................................................................................ iii
Hypothesis................................................................................................. iii
Operational Definition of Terms............................................................ iii
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................ vi
LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................. 1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................. 3
Properties of Water..................................................................... 3
Heart Rate V02 Relationship................................................... 4
Guidelines for Training.............................................................. 8
Training Effects of Land Aerobic Exercise on Oxygen
Consumption............................................................................. 8
Training Effects of Water Exercise on
Oxygen Consumption............................................................... 10
Training Effects of Land Exercise Versus Water Exercise on
Oxygen Consumption.............................................................. II
Schwinn Air-Dyne Ergometer.................................................. 12
Summary...................................................................................... 13
3. METHODOLOGY............................................................................ 14
Design.......................................................................................... 14
Subjects........................................................................................ 14
Instruments................................................................................... 15
Procedures.................................................................................... 16
Statistical Design........................................................................ 18
4. RESULTS........................................................................................... 19
Subjects........................................................................................ 19
Statistical Techniques................................................................ 22
5. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS........................................... 27
Limitations................................................................................... 30
Conclusions.................................................................................. 30
iv
REFERENCES..................................................................................................... 32
APPENDIX A: MEDICAL - HEALTH HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE.... 37
APPENDIX B: "APPARENTLY HEALTHY CHARACTERISTICS" 43
APPENDIX C; ACSM INDICATIONS FOR STOPPING AN EXERCISE
TEST ........................................................................................................ 44
APPENDIX D: CONTRAINDICATIONS TO EXERCISE TESTING AND
FOR ENTRY INTO EXERCISE PROGRAMS............................................. 45
APPENDIX E: INFORMED CONSENT FORM............................................ 46
APPENDIX F: ACSM AIRDYNE BIKE MAXIMAL TEST DATA
COLLECTION SHEET..................................................................................... 49
V
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Summary Statistics for Entire Sample................................................................ 20
2. Summary Statistics for the Land Program........................................................ 22
3. Summary Statistics for the Water Program..................................................... 24
4. First ANCOVA Procedure.................................................................................. 25
5. Second ANCOVA Procedure.............................................................................. 26
6. Comparison of Land Study to Literature.......................................................... 28
7. Comparison of Water Study to Literature......................................................... 29
VI
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES Page
1. Pre and Post Tests for All Subjects............................................................ 21
2. Pretest and Posttest V02 Max.................................................................... 23
Vll
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Exercise is an important component in physical therapy programs and in
maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The conditioning effects gained from an exercise
program enable an individual to perform daily activities at a higher functioning level.
Physical therapists use a wide range of exercise modes to improve cardiorespiratory
endurance. One mode that is gaining popularity is water aerobics. Water aerobics allows
adults, who participate in an exercise program, to improve their cardiorespiratory fitness
(Cassady and Nielsen, 1992; Vickery, Cureton, and Langstaff, 1983). This type of
conditioning is an alternative for healthy adults who dislike land exercise, as well as some
unhealthy adults who have poor tolerance for land exercise. Those who might avoid land
exercises include individuals suffering from arthritis (Cassady & Nielsen, 1992; Koszuta,
1989; Weinstein, 1986), painful joints (Ruoti, Troup, & Berger, 1994; Weinstein, 1986;
Whitley & Schoene, 1987), chronic back and knee problems (Cassady & Nielsen, 1992;
Geim & Nicholas, 1989; Weinstein, 1986), cardiovascular disease (Fernhall, Manfredi, &
Congdon, 1992; Harrison, Bruce, Brown, & Cochrane, 1980; McMurray, Fiesalman,
Avory, & Sheps, 1988), weak leg musculature and musculoskeletal disabilities (Miller,
1990; Ruoti et al., 1994), and orthopedic dysfunction (Cassady & Nielsen, 1992). Water
aerobics can facilitate movement, conditioning, and strength training in a non-impact
environment and the likelihood of injury from overuse is thus reduced (Koszuta, 1986;
Koszuta, 1989).
The most accurate measure of cardiorespiratory fitness in adults is maximal
oxygen consumption (V02 max) (Kaminsky, Wehrli, Mahon, Robbins, Powers, &
Whaley, 1993). Maximal oxygen uptake defines the efficiency of the heart (Froelicher,
Thompson, Davis, & Triebwasser, 1975; Naughton & Hellerstein, 1973). A review of
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