Comparative Structure and Evolution of Cerebral Cortex, Part I

380 Pages·1990·49.92 MB·English

by  Wilhelmus J. A. J. Smeets (auth.)

CEREBRAL
CORTEX
Volume 8A
Comparative Structure
and Evolution of
Cerebral Cortex, Part I
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Edited by Edward G. Jones and Alan Peters
Advisory Committee
j. C. Eccles, Contra, Switzerland
H. H. jasper, Montreal, Canada
V. B. Mountcastle, Baltimore, Maryland
W. j. H. Nauta, Cambridge, Massachusetts
S. L. Palay, Boston, Massachusetts
F. Plum, New York, New York
R. D. Terry, LaJolla, California
P. Ulinski, Chicago, Illinois
Volume 1 : Cellular Components of the Cerebral Cortex
Volume 2: Functional Properties of Cortical Cells
Volume 3: Visual Cortex
Volume 4: Association and Auditory Cortices
Volume 5: Sensory-Motor Areas and Aspects of Cortical Connectivity
Volume 6: Further Aspects of Cortical Function, Including Hippocampus
Volume 7: Development and Maturation of Cerebral Cortex
Volume8A: Comparative Structure and Evolution of Cerebral Cortex, Part I
Volume 8B: Comparative Structure and Evolution of Cerebral Cortex, Part II
Volume 9: Normal and Altered States of Function
CEREB
CORTEX
Volume 8A
Comparative Structure
and Evolution of
Cerebral Cortex, Part I
Edited by
EDWARD G. JONES
California College oj Medicine
University of California, Irvine
Irvine, California
and
ALAN PETERS
Boston University College of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Dat a
(Revised for vol. 8a —8b)
Cerebral cortex.
Vol. 2, 5- edited by Edward G. Jone s and Alan Peters.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
Contents: v. 1. Cellular components of the cerebral cortex —v . 2. Functional
properties of cortial cells —[etc.]— v. 8. Comparative structure and evolutio n of
cerebral cortex, Parts I and II.
1. Cerebral cortex. I. Peters, Alan, 1929- II. Jones, Edward G.,
1939- . [DNLM: 1. Cerebral Cortex —anatomy and histology. 2. Cerebral
Cortex — physiology.
QP383.C45 1984 612'.825 84-1982
ISBN 978-1-4757-9624-7 ISBN 978-1-4757-9622-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-9622-3
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1990
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1990
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, o r transmitted
in any form or by any means , electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permissio n from the Publisher
Contributors
John Allman Division of Biology, California Institute of Tech
nology, Pasadena, California 91125
Harry J. Jerison Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sci
ences, University of California, School of Medi
cine, Los Angeles, California 90024
Edward G. Jones Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Uni
versity of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
92717
Daniel Margoliash Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy,
and Committees on Neurobiology and Biopsychol
ogy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
J. Meek Department of Anatomy and Embryology, U niver
sity of Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
Timothy J. Neary Department of Anatomy, Creighton University
School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178
R. Nieuwenhuys Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Univer
sity of Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
Wilhelmus J. A. J. Smeets Department of Anatomy, Free University, 1007
MC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Philip S. Ulinski Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy,
and Committee on Neurobiology, University of
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
v
Preface
The cerebral cortex, especially that part customarily designated "neocortex," is
one of the hallmarks of mammalian evolution and reaches its greatest size,
relatively speaking, and its widest structural diversity in the human brain. The
evolution of this structure, as remarkable for the huge numbers of neurons that
it contains as for the range of behaviors that it controls, has been of abiding
interest to many generations of neuroscientists. Yet few theories of cortical evo
lution have been proposed and none has stood the test of time. In particular, no
theory has been successful in bridging the evolutionary gap that appears to exist
between the pallium of nonmammalian vertebrates and the neocortex of mam
mals. Undoubtedly this stems in large part from the rapid divergence of non
mammalian and mammalian forms and the lack of contemporary species whose
telencephalic wall can be seen as having transitional characteristics. The mono
treme cortex, for example, is unquestionably mammalian in organization and
that of no living reptile comes close to resembling it. Yet anatomists such as
Ramon y Cajal, on examining the finer details of cortical structure, were struck
by the similarities in neuronal form, particularly of the pyramidal cells, and their
predisposition to laminar alignment shared by representatives of all vertebrate
classes. In later years, other anatomists, in studying the connectivity of the pal
lium in nonmammals, have been able to identify putative homologues of the
mammalian hippocampal formation and possibly of other cortical territories as
well. These observations lend credence to the belief in a fundamental com
monality from which has emerged in the course of evolution the radical dif
ferences in structure of the telencephalic wall exhibited by fish, amphibians,
birds, and mammals.
The present pair of volumes cannot be regarded as a complete study in the
evolution of the cerebral cortex. However, they do set out in some detail the
range of telencephalic and especially cortical structure and connectivity exhib
ited by the five major classes of vertebrates, and contain many insights into the
special characteristics of each. Volume 8A deals largely with non mammalian
vertebrates. It starts with three chapters by Wilhelmus J. A. J. Smeets and by R.
Nieuwenhuys and J. Meek on the brains of fish, in which telencephalic evolution
seems to have emphasized the development of a large central nucleus at the
vii
viii expense of a pallium. It then includes chapters by Timothy J. Neary and Philip S.
Ulinski on the telencephalic wall of amphibia and reptiles, in which a rudimen
PREFACE
tary and, in some regions, relatively advanced cortical structure is seen. This part
concludes with an essay by Philip S. Ulinski and Daniel Margoliash on birds, in
which the functions of a cortex per se seem to have been largely subsumed by the
enormous expansion of that unique structure, the hyperstriatum. The latter part
of Volume 8A serves as an introduction to the detailed studies of mammals
presented in Volume 8B. It includes our analysis of the fossil record of neocor
tical evolution by Harry J. Jerison, and essays by John Allman and Edward G.
Jones on the fundamental elements of cortical structure and cortical develop
ment upon which the evolutionary process must exert its effects. Volume 8B
deals solely with the cerebral cortex of mammals and includes chapters on com
parative structure of particular regions, such as the olfactory cortex (by Lewis B.
Haberly) and the hippocampal formation (by Christine Gall), and considerations
J.
by Peter Morgane, Ilya I. Glezer, and Myron S. Jacobs, and Mark Rowe, of
cortical structure in orders as diverse as marsupials and dolphins. The evolution
ary development of some particular functional areas of the neocortex is pursued
by Mary Carlson and John Irwin Johnson in their chapters. A study by Wally
Welker on the determinants of sulci and gyri in living forms nicely complements
that by Harry J. Jerison in Volume 8A.
The editors are again grateful for the efforts and forbearance displayed by
the contributors to this wide-ranging pair of volumes, and feel confident that the
high quality of their chapters will be as widely recognized.
Edward G. Jones
Alan Peters
Irvine and Boston
Contents
Volume SA
I. Nonmammalian Vertebrates
Chapter 1
The Telencephalon of Cartilaginous Fishes
Wilhelmus J. A. J. Smeets
1. Introduction.................................................. 3
2. Gross Morphology ............................................ 5
3. Telencephalon: Cytoarchitecture and Fiber Connections .......... 8
3.1. Cell Masses .............................................. 9
3.2. Fiber Systems ............................................ 20
4. Functional Correlations and Concluding Remarks ................ 23
5. Abbreviations................................................. 26
6. References.................................................... 27
Chapter 2
The Telencephalon of Actinopterygian Fishes
R. Nieuwenhuys and J. Meek
1. Introduction.................................................. 31
2. Morphogenesis of the Telencephalon: Eversion
versus Evagination ............................................ 32
3. Gross Morphology ............................................ 36
4. Structure of the Telencephalon ................................. 42
4.1. Introductory Notes ....................................... 42
4.2. The Olfactory Bulb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3. The Area Ventralis ....................................... 44
4.4. The Area Dorsalis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5. Connections .................................................. 50
5.1. Introductory Notes ............................... " ... , .. 50
ix
x 5.2. Olfactory Bulb Projections ................................ 50
5.3. Ascending Telencephalic Afferents ......................... 53
CONTENTS
5.4. Efferent Telencephalic Connections ........................ 57
5.5. Intrinsic Telencephalic Connections ........................ 59
6. The Interpretation of the Various Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.1. Introductory Notes.. . .. .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . 59
6.2. Positional Relations: Topology versus Topography ........... 60
6.3. Histochemistry: The Location of a Striatal Primordium ...... 62
6.4. Fiber Connections: Secondary Olfactory and Ascending
Telencephalic Afferents ................................... 63
6.5. Structure: Presence or Absence of Cortical Equivalents ...... 67
7. Conclusions................................................... 68
8. Abbreviations................................................. 68
9. References.................................................... 69
Chapter 3
The Telencephalon of Sarcopterygian Fishes
R. Nieuwenhuys and J. Meek
1. Introduction.................................................. 75
2. Latimeria chalumnae ............................................ 77
2.1. Gross Morphology of the Brain. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. 77
2.2. Structure of the Telencephalon ............................ 79
2.3. Fiber Connections of the Telencephalon .................... 82
3. Dipnoans..................................................... 84
3.1. Introductory Notes. .. .. .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . 84
3.2. Gross Morphology of the Brain .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.3. Structure of the Telencephalon ............................ 86
3.4. Fiber Connections of the Telencephalon ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4. General Discussion and Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5. Abbreviations................................................. 103
6. References.................................................... 104
Chapter 4
The Pallium of Anuran Amphibians
Timothy J. Neary
1. Introduction.................................................. 107
2. Methods...................................................... 108
3. Normal Pallial Anatomy in Anurans ............................ 108
3.1. Medial Pallium. .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. 108
3.2. Dorsal Pallium ........................................... III
3.3. Lateral Pallium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 112
3.4. Lateral Amygdala ........................................ 113
3.5. Pallial Fields in Urodeles .................................. 114
4. Pallial Connections in Anurans ................................. 115
4.1. Medial Pallium. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . ... 115
4.2. Dorsal Pallium ........................................... 121
4.3. Lateral Pallium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 122
4.4. Lateral Amygdala ........................................ 123