Comparative Psychology: Evolution and Development of Brain and Behavior

559 Pages·2021·13.9 MB·English

by  Mauricio R. Papini

Comparative Psychology
This revised third edition provides an up to date, comprehensive overview of the field
of comparative psychology, integrating both evolutionary and developmental studies of
brain and behavior. This book offers a unique combination of areas normally covered
independently to satisfy the requirements of comparative psychology courses.
Papini ensures thorough coverage of topics like the fundamentals of neural function,
the cognitive and associative capacities of animals, the development of the central nervous
system and behavior, and the fossil record of animals including human ancestors. This text
includes many examples drawn from the study of human behavior, highlighting general
and basic principles that apply broadly to the animal kingdom. New topics introduced in
this edition include genetics, epigenetics, neurobiological, and cognitive advances made in
recent years into this evolutionary-developmental framework.
An essential textbook for upper level undergraduate and graduate courses in comparative
psychology, animal behavior, evolutionary psychology, developmental psychology, neuroscience,
and behavioral biology.
Mauricio R. Papini is Professor of Psychology at Texas Christian University, USA. His
work has centered on brain-behavior relationships in the area of incentive learning, but
broader interests in the evolution and development of behavior led to the creation of this
book.

Comparative Psychology
Evolution and Development of
Brain and Behavior
Third Edition
Mauricio R. Papini
Third edition published 2021
by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2021 Mauricio R. Papini
The right of Mauricio R. Papini to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by
him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
First edition published 2001 by Prentice Hall
Second edition published 2007 by Routledge
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Papini, Mauricio R., author.
Title: Comparative psychology : evolution and development of brain and behavior /
Mauricio R. Papini.
Description: Third edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020011903 (print) | LCCN 2020011904 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781138788145 (hardback) | ISBN 9781138788152 (paperback) |
ISBN 9781003080701 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Psychology, Comparative.
Classification: LCC BF671 .P37 2021 (print) | LCC BF671 (ebook) | DDC 156—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020011903
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020011904
ISBN: 978-1-138-78814-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-78815-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-08070-1 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
To my precious grandson, Luca, and those who will come next.

Contents
List of Tables xviii
List of Boxes xx
Preface xxi
1 Biological Evolution 1
1.1 Evidence for Evolution 1
Definitions 1
Molecular Evidence 1
Embryology 5
Anatomy 5
Biogeography 7
Paleontology 7
Contemporary Evidence 9
Artificial Selection 10
1.2 Logic of Natural Selection 12
1.3 Origin and Preservation of Genetic Variability 14
Genotype and Phenotype 14
Mendelian Genetics 15
Genetic Drift 17
Exons and Introns 19
Structural and Regulatory Genes 20
Mutation 20
Sexual Reproduction 21
1.4 Natural Selection 22
Types of Direct Fitness 23
Field Observations and Experiments 23
Measuring Lifetime Reproductive Success 25
Natural Selection and Diversity 26
Traits Contributing to Survival 27
Correlated Traits 27
Darwinian Fitness and Adaptation 28
Units of Natural Selection 29
1.5 Glossary 30
1.6 References 33
viii Contents
2 Origin and Evolution of Animals 36
2.1 Diversity of Life 36
Taxonomy 36
Five-Kingdom Classification 37
Animal Phyla 38
2.2 Geological Background 40
Geological Periods 40
Fossilization 43
2.3 Origin and Evolution of Animals 45
Pre-Cambrian Fossils 45
Cambrian Explosion 45
Molecular Phylogenies 47
Early Evolution of Vertebrates 48
Fishes 49
Amphibians 52
Reptiles 53
Birds 55
Mammals 58
2.4 Speciation 61
2.5 Grades and Clades 61
2.6 Glossary 64
2.7 References 66
3 Evo-Devo, Brain, and Behavior 68
3.1 Definitions 68
3.2 Early Development 69
Early Stages 69
Phylotypic Stage 70
Nature-Nurture Interactions 72
3.3 Development of the Vertebrate Nervous System 74
Neuroembryology 74
Axonal Growth and Synapses 78
Neuronal Aggregations 78
Brain Development and Experience 80
Brain Development and Hormones 82
3.4 Development and Evolution 84
Genetic Assimilation 84
Behavioral Neophenotypes 86
Heterochrony and Behavior 87
Terminology 87
Behavior 89
3.5 Glossary 92
3.6 References 95
Contents ix
4 Simple Nervous Systems and Behavior 98
4.1 Invertebrate Phyla 98
An Overview 98
Sponges (Porifera) 98
Comb Jellies (Ctenophora) 99
Cnidarians (Cnidaria) 100
Neural Evolution 102
4.2 Behavior and Simple Neural Networks 103
Basic Neural Properties 103
Reflexes 104
Modal Action Patterns 106
Command Neurons 107
Central Pattern Generators 110
Cotransmission in the Feeding CPG of Aplysia 111
4.3 Behavioral and Neural Plasticity in Nonassociative Learning 112
Properties of Habituation 112
Habituation in Cnidarians 114
Habituation and Dishabituation of Reflexes and MAPs 114
Short-Term and Long-Term Habituation 115
Neural Basis of Short-Term Habituation 116
The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 116
The Mollusk Aplysia californica 116
Neural Basis of Long-Term Habituation 117
The nematode C. elegans 117
The Mollusk Aplysia 118
Short-Term Sensitization 118
Definitions and Behavioral Examples 118
Dishabituation and Short-Term Sensitization in Aplysia 119
Long-Term Sensitization 122
4.4 Evolution of Learning Mechanisms in Mollusks 124
4.5 Glossary 125
4.6 References 127
5 Evolution of the Vertebrate Brain and Behavior 131
5.1 Key Innovations of Vertebrates 131
Body Plan 131
Agnathan Brains 131
5.2 Comparative Neurology 134
Pattern and Process 134
Examples of Character Stability 135
Spinal Cord 138
Morphology 138
Functions 139