Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms: Vol. 1, 2

1243 Pages·1992·40.9 MB·English

by  Prof. Dr. Brij M. Johri

B.M. Johri . K.B. Ambegaokar . P.S. Srivastava
Comparative
Embryology
of Angiosperms Vol.1
With 362 Figures
in two Volumes
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Prof. Dr. Brij M. lohri
Dr. Kunda B. Ambegaokar
Department of Botany
University of Delhi
Delhi 110007
India
Dr. Prem S. Srivastava
Department of Botany
Hamdard University
Hamdard Nagar
New Delhi 110062
India
ISBN 978-3-642-76397-7 ISBN 978-3-642-76395-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-76395-3
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Low.
Q Springer-Yerlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992
Originally publish~-d by Springer-Verlag Berlin Hcidelbt-rg in 1992
Soficover reprint orthe hardcover 1st edition 1992
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does
oot imply, evcn in the absence of a spe<;ific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general usc.
Dedicated to
Professor Karl Schnarf Professor Panchanan Maheshwari
(1879-1947) (1904-1966)
Preface
The concept for the present book dates back to the early 1960s when
Professor P. Maheshwari FRS (deceased May 1966) invited scientists to
contribute to a multiauthored book - Comparative Embryology of An
giosperms. Soon thereafter, Professor Gwenda L. Davis (University of
New England, Armidale, Australia) joined the University of Delhi as a
Visiting Professor and announced that her book, Systematic Embryo
logy of Angiosperms, would soon be published (it appeared in 1966).
Therefore, Professor Maheshwari postponed his project for the time
being.
The only book on embryology available until then (in english) was by
Prof. Maheshwari, published in 1950 (McGraw-Hill, New York) al
though G. L. Davis' book (without illustrations) was also useful, but to a
limited extent. The rapid increase in knowledge in the years that fol
lowed, with the advent of new techniques such as ultramicroscopy (TEM
and SEM), histochemistry, and the study of organic and inorganic ma
terials, provided impetus to the study of embryology, transgressing its
traditional confinements to 'compound' microscopy. This resulted in the
emergence of new ideas and methodologies, which helped in a better
interpretation of data previously restricted to only the description of
developmental aspects.
As new information on embryology accumulated, the need for a com
prehensive, illustrated book on comparative embryology that could
serve researchers as a reference work became imperative.
In 1979, when Dr. Klaus Peters of Springer-Verlag visited BMJ with an
invitation to prepare a treatise on Embryology of Angiosperms, the
book, Experimental Embryology of Vascular Plants (ed. B. M. Johri),
was already in its final stage and was published by Springer-Verlag in
1982. The multi authored book Embryology of Angiosperms (ed. B.M.
Johri) was published by Springer-Verlag in 1984, and the outline of the
book, Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms, was prepared simul
taneously and given to Klaus Peters. Although a very large collection of
relevant literature was available to us at the Department of Botany,
University of Delhi, it took almost 10 years to survey the exhaustive
literature and to complete the manuscript on Comparative Embryolo
gy.
VIII Preface
This book endeavours to consolidate the scattered information on
angiosperm embryology, to present a coordinated and coherent inter
pretation of significant data accumulated thus far, and to elucidate the
interrelationship of taxa based on comparative embryological find
ings.
Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms is a review of the develop
mental processes leading to sexual reproduction in flowering plants, and
provides illustrated source material on sexual reproduction, primitive
and advanced embryological characters, and phylogenetic relationships.
On the basis of embryological data and certain evidence from other areas
of study, special emphasis has been placed on the relationship among
and within the families and orders of angiosperms. For our work Engler's
classification system for angiosperms proposed in Syllabus der Pflanzen
familien, revised by Melchior (1964), has been adopted.
This treatise summarizes nearly 5000 publications (up to 1991) on an
giosperm embryology; its resulting ultimate size prompted us to divide it
into two volumes. For the convenience of the reader, the preface,
acknowledgements and the table of contents are presented in both
volumes. For economic reasons, the references for the entire work and
the plant index are included only in Volume 2.
Each order begins with general features, followed by the embryology of
its constituent families, culminating in critical taxonomic considerations
on the basis of comparative embryologic data, and the placement of each
family in six chosen systems of classification is discussed.
A comprehensive bibliography is given at the end of each family and
includes the citations referred to in the text. Additional citations (not
mentioned in the text) are provided for those who wish to obtain further
information.
When appropriate, inaccuracies in observation and interpretation are
pointed out, alternative interpretations offered, gaps in our knowledge
highlighted, and prospects outlined.
Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms provides useful information
to students and research workers involved in angiosperm embryology,
taxonomists, plant breeders, agriculturists and horticulturists, and plant
scientists interested in the evolutionary tendencies in flowering
plants.
University of Delhi, July 1992 B.M. Johri
K. B. Ambegaokar
P. S. Srivastava
Acknowledgements
The preparation of Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms took al
most a decade. We could not have accomplished this undertaking
without the academic support and encouragement from our colleagues
at the University of Delhi, and plant scientists in India and abroad.
Over the last 55 years, B. M. Johri has had the privilege of discussions
with embryologists on the reproductive biology of angiosperms, espe
cially at national and international conferences. He is grateful to all of
them.
We are indebted to fellow embryologists who generously provided rel
evant literature and advance information about ongoing research proj
ects. To name a few: Prof. Martin Bopp (Heidelberg), Dr. F. Bouman
and Dr. W. Verkerke (Amsterdam), the late Dr. R. Dahlgren (Copen
hagen), Dr. M.l. Hakki (Berlin), Prof. U. Hamann (Bochum), Dr.
R. Wunderlich (Vienna), Prof. M. Yakovlev and Prof. T. Batygina
(Leningrad), Dr. H. Tobe (Chiba, Japan), Dr. P.H. Raven (St. Louis,
USA), Prof. A. E. Cocucci (Cordoba, Argentina), the late Dr. Thani
koimani (Pondichery, India), Prof. K. K. Lakshmanan (Coimbatore,
India), Dr. M.P. Nayar and Dr. B.D. Sharma (Botanical Survey of
India, Calcutta), Prof. S. Chanda (Bose Institute, Calcutta) and our
colleagues (at the University of Delhi) Prof. H. Y. Mohan Ram, Prof.
S.c. Maheshwari, Prof. R.N. Kapil, Prof. N.N. Bhandari and Dr.
Ashok Bhatnagar.
For advance information regarding the recently published (1989) Dedi
catory Volume in honour of Prof. A. Lebegue, Some Aspects and
Orientations in Plant Embryology, we wish to thank the editors, Prof.
J. Pare and Prof. M. Bugnicourt (University of Picardie, Amiens,
France).
For the translation of Russian literature we are obliged to Dr. Balram
Sharma (Indian Agric. Res. Inst., New Delhi) and Dr. (Mrs.) Akhilesh
Tiwari (University of Delhi); and to Dr. (Mrs.) Sheela Srivastava (Uni
versity of Delhi) for German literature. Dr. M. A. Rau (Mysore) very
kindly prepared a number of schematic figures on the development of
endosperm in the Sympetalae. Dr. F. Bouman provided scanning elec
tron micrographs of seeds which appear in this volume. Thanks are also
extended to Mr. Dev Raj Khosla (Indian Natl. Sci. Acad., New Delhi)
x Acknowledgements
who prepared photocopies of literature and illustrations, so essential for
checking the manuscript. Mr. S. B. Ambegaokar (Delhi) was kind
enough to compare over 1800 pages of the final manuscript with the
earlier draft. Dr. (Mrs.) Kapoor ably assisted us in the collection of
literature and indexing the Contents and References. Dr. Kapoor and
Dr. Manoj Kumar (University of Delhi) also helped in the preparation of
plates.
We express our appreciation to Mr. G. A. Shastri and Ms. Sushil Kaur
for easy access to the University Library, and to Dr. (Mrs.) Vats ala
(Publ. Direc., CSIR, New Delhi), Dr. (Mrs.) Nina Dhiman and Ms.
Binny Mathur (Editorial Assistants, Phytomorphology), and our re
search scholars Mr. N. Syed Abbas Ali and Ms. Babeeta Chrungu for
their help in checking the periodicals. Mr. Krishan Lal, artist (University
of Delhi), very competently designed and prepared several figures, and
labelled all the illustrations. Mr. D. Daniel and Mr. S. K. Das (Univer
sity of Delhi) attended to photographic work with professional compe
tence.
We are indebted to Dr. Dieter Czeschlik, Life Science Editor, Springer
Verlag, Heidelberg, for his immense patience in waiting to see the com
pletion of this work. Moreover, we would like to thank Mrs. Jean von
dem Bussche for copyediting "Sympetalae" (pp. 615-829) in 1987; Dr.
G. Forbath, Copy Editor, Ms. Carola Wissmeier, Secretary to Dr.
D. Czeschlik, and Ms. Renate Miinzenmayer, Production Editor,
Springer-Verlag, for the meticulous handling of this publication. For the
high quality of printing by MacMillan India, Bangalore, we have great
appreciation.
We are obliged to Janab Hakim Abdul Hameed Sahab (Chancellor),
Prof. M. Amin (Vice Chancellor) and Prof. Muhammed Iqbal (Dean,
Faculty of Science) of the Hamdard University, New Delhi, for their
interest and encouragement in this project.
Thanks are also due to Ms. Madhumati, Mr. Aniruddha, Ms. Deep
shikha, and Mr. Deepak, research scholars at the Department of
Botany, Hamdard University for cross-checking the text and references
in the final proofs, and for preparing plant indices.
We would like to make special mention of Mr. R. K. Gupta (University
of Delhi) for expert secretarial assistance, and typing twice the manu
script of about 2000 pages, and Mrs. Krishna Thakur (University of
Delhi) for periodical secretarial assistance. Mr. Sukhbir Singh and Mr.
Chandra Pal (University of Delhi) have been very helpful in attending to
the day-to-day routine work during the preparation of this book.
The Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, and Springer-Ver
lag, Heidelberg, provided partial financial support for this book.
We also wish to record gratitude to Mrs. Raj Johri (wife of B. M. Johri)
and Dr. (Mrs.) Sheela Srivastava (wife of P. S. Srivastava) for their
support, forbearance and interest during the long periods when Com
parative Embryology of Angiosperms was in preparation. Dr. Lalit M.
Acknowledgements XI
Johri (son) and Mrs. Meera Johri (daughter-in-law) keenly followed the
progress of this book and encouraged an expeditious completion.
Once again, many thanks to all those who helped us in various ways.
May 28,1992 B.M. Johri
K. B. Ambegaokar
P. S. Srivastava