Compact Multifunctional Antennas for Wireless Systems

241 Pages·2012·4.028 MB·English

by  Eng Hock Lim, Kwok Wa Leung(auth.), Kai Chang(eds.)

Compact Multifunctional
Antennas for Wireless Systems

Compact Multifunctional
Antennas for Wireless Systems
ENG HOCK LIM
KWOK WA LEUNG
AJOHNWILEY&SONS,INC.,PUBLICATION
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Lim,EngHock,1974–
Compactmultifunctionalantennasforwirelesssystems/EngHockLimandKwokWaLeung.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN978-0-470-40732-5
1.Antennas(Electronics)2.Wirelesscommunicationsystems–Equipmentandsupplies.
I.Leung,K.W.(KwokWa),1967– II.Title.
TK7871.6.L562012
621.384(cid:2)135–dc23
2011040051
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface ix
1 CompactMultifunctionalAntennasinMicrowaveWireless
Systems 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Microwave Components in Wireless Systems 6
1.3 Planar and Nonplanar Antennas in Compact Wireless Systems 7
1.3.1 Performance Parameters 8
1.3.2 Planar Antennas 14
1.3.3 Nonplanar Antennas 16
1.4 Multifunctional Antennas and Microwave Circuits 17
1.4.1 Active Antennas 18
1.4.2 Passive Antennas 19
1.5 Miniaturization Techniques for Multifunctional Antennas 19
1.6 Design Processes and Considerations 20
1.7 Design Tools and Software 22
1.8 Overview of the Book 24
References 25
2 MultifunctionalPassiveIntegratedAntennasandComponents 29
2.1 Development of Passive Integrated Antennas and Components 29
2.2 Antenna Filters 30
2.2.1 Dielectric Resonator Antenna Filter 31
2.2.2 Other DRAFs 46
2.2.3 Microstrip-Based Antenna Filters 50
2.3 Balun Filters 60
2.3.1 Ring Balun Filter 60
2.3.2 Magnetic-Coupled Balun Filter 64
v
vi CONTENTS
2.3.3 Rectangular Patch Balun Filter 65
2.4 Antenna Package 67
2.4.1 DRA Packaging Cover 70
2.4.2 Other Antenna Packages 78
2.5 Conclusions 80
References 80
3 ReconfigurableAntennas 85
3.1 Introduction 85
3.2 Design Considerations and Recent Developments 86
3.3 Frequency-Reconfigurable Antennas 88
3.3.1 Frequency-Reconfigurable Slot-Loaded Microstrip Patch
Antenna 91
3.3.2 Frequency-Reconfigurable E-Shaped Patch Antenna 93
3.4 Pattern-Reconfigurable Antennas 98
3.4.1 Pattern-Reconfigurable Fractal Patch Antenna 103
3.4.2 Pattern-Reconfigurable Leaky-Wave Antenna 105
3.5 Multi-Reconfigurable Antennas 109
3.6 Conclusions 112
References 115
4 ReceivingAmplifyingAntennas 117
4.1 Introduction 117
4.2 Design Criteria and Considerations 118
4.3 Wearable Low-Noise Amplifying Antenna 118
4.4 Active Broadband Low-Noise Amplifying Antenna 128
4.5 Conclusions 139
References 142
5 OscillatingAntennas 145
5.1 Introduction 145
5.2 Design Methods for Microwave Oscillators 145
5.2.1 Design Using S Parameters 146
5.2.2 Design Using a Network Model 147
5.2.3 Specifications of Microwave Oscillators 147
CONTENTS vii
5.3 Recent Developments and Issues of Antenna Oscillators 149
5.4 Reflection-Amplifier Antenna Oscillators 152
5.4.1 Rectangular DRAO 152
5.4.2 Hollow DRAO 158
5.4.3 Differential Planar Antenna Oscillator 161
5.5 Coupled-Load Antenna Oscillators 167
5.5.1 Coupled-Load Microstrip Patch Oscillator 167
5.5.2 Patch Antenna Oscillator with Feedback Loop 171
5.6 Conclusions 180
References 181
6 Solar-Cell-IntegratedAntennas 185
6.1 Integration of Antennas with Solar Cells 185
6.2 Nonplanar Solar-Cell-Integrated Antennas 188
6.2.1 Solar-Cell-Integrated Hemispherical DRA 189
6.2.2 Solar-Cell-Integrated Rectangular DRA 201
6.3 Planar Solar-Cell-Integrated Antennas 204
6.3.1 Solar-Cell-Integrated U-Shaped SPA 208
6.3.2 Solar-Cell-Integrated V-Shaped SPA 219
6.4 Conclusions 223
References 224
Index 227
Preface
The objective of this book is to provide up-to-date information on modern
multifunctional antennas and microwave circuits. Today, it is a trend to bundle
multiple components into a single module to achieve high compactness and
good signal quality. In the last two decades, the multifunctional concept has
already been applied extensively to miniaturize various active and passive
radio-frequency devices. Active antennas can be considered one of the earliest
multifunctional antennas that have received a high level of attention from both
academia and industry. Due to the rapid advancement of packaging technologies,
various multifunctional devices can be made easily using such new techniques as
antenna-on-package, antenna-in-package, and low-temperature-co-fired. Although
there are many books describing the design of active and passive microwave
systems, the multifunctional concept has yet to be fully explored for antennas and
microwave circuits.
In this book, antennas are incorporated with active and passive microwave
devices to design various multifunctional modules. The first part of the book
introduces several novel passive components, such as an antenna filter and an
antenna packaging cover. To make the coverage more complete, the development
of the balun filter, a relatively new component, is also covered. Then, switches
areintegratedintoantennastructurestoachievereconfiguration.Somerecentwork
from the Institute of Applied Physics at the University of Electronic Science and
Technology of China in Chengdu on frequency-, pattern-, and multireconfigurable
antennas is discussed. Oscillating and amplifying antennas, which are among the
conventional active antennas that have received much interest in recent decades,
are featured in the book. Since the 1970s, oscillating antennas have been explored
extensivelyastopowercombining,phaselocking,andbeamswitching.Thereflec-
tion amplifier and coupled-load antenna oscillators are both visited and attention
has been directed to their special applications. For example, it is shown that such
active antennas can be made wearable as well as being used as a packaging cover.
We focus on studying the receiving amplifying antennas, as the transmitting coun-
terparts have been well explored in many other books. The co-design process of
theamplifyingantennaisdiscussedindetail.Inthefinalpartofthebook,antennas
arecombinedwithsolarcellstoprovidenewapplications.Thedesignmethodsfor
various multifunctional antennas and microwave circuits are discussed, along with
ix
x PREFACE
theelucidation ofsomeimportantcontemporary issues.We alsoexplore theuseof
multiple software design tools in co-designing multifunctional antennas.
Acknowledgments
First, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to Professor Kai Chang (Uni-
versity of Texas, A&M) for his support of publishing this book. Special thanks
go to Professor Kwai Man Luk for his kind encouragement of writing up this
book. Another important person to whom we are thankful is Professor Quan Xue
(CityUniversityofHongKong)forsharinghisknowledgeandexperienceinmany
discussions. We are particularly appreciative of the assistance provided by many
colleagues at the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave, City University of
Hong Kong.
Our appreciation goes to Dr. Xue-Song Yang, Professor Shao-Qiu Xiao, and
Professor Bing-Zhong Wang, all from the University of Electronic Science and
Technology of China, for sharing their recent research work on reconfigurable
antennas(Chapter3). WewouldliketoexpressmanythankstoProfessorJian-Xin
Chen(NantungUniversity,China),Dr.JinShi(I2R,Singapore),Dr.Yong-MeiPan
(City University of Hong Kong), Dr. Shao-yong Zheng (City University of Hong
Kong), and Dr. Kok Keong Chong (Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia)
for their help on countless occasions and their willingness to share much useful
information.
Heartfelt gratitude to the following friends and students for their hard work in
broadening the horizon of multifunctional antennas and microwave circuits: Xiao-
Sheng Fang (City University of Hong Kong), Hong-Yik Wong (Universiti Tunku
Abdul Rahman, Malaysia), Choon-Chung Su (Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman,
Malaysia), Chi-Hwa Ng (Agilent Technologies Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia), Gim-Hui
Khor, and Kwan-Keen Chan.
Finally, we would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Fook-Long Lo
(Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia) for spending many hours polishing
the manuscript.
E.H.LIM
K.W.LEUNG
CityUniversityofHongKong
Kowloon,HongKongSAR
January8,2012
CHAPTERONE
Compact Multifunctional
Antennas in Microwave
Wireless Systems
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The mission of a communication system is to get messages delivered with min-
imum distortion. Messages such as voices, pictures, and movies are a series of
natural signals over time, operating at frequencies ranging from a few to hun-
dreds of kilohertz. Figure 1.1 shows the signal flows in a communication system.
There are two types of communication systems: wired and wireless. Examples of
wired systems are telephony and optical systems in which cables and fibers are
deployedfortransmittingsignals,respectively.Thetelephone,patentedbyAlexan-
der Graham Bell in 1876 [1], was the earliest available communication gadget
that enabled the conversion of vocal messages into electronic signals. In 1966,
Charles Kao [2] showed that a glass strand is able to be made into a signal-
transmitting medium. Since then, tens of thousands of miles of optical fibers have
been laid to carry information on land and across the oceans. The rapid advance-
ment of optical technologies makes possible the transmission of signals in bulk
using light, and it has led to a surge of internet technologies since the last cen-
tury. However, the major drawback of wired communications is that it does not
allowusermobility.Geographicalfeaturesandhuman-madeconstructionscanalso
pose a hindrance for laying out long wires or cables. As early as 1900, it was
shownbyGuglielmoMarconithatanelectromagneticwaveisabletocarrysignals
CompactMultifunctionalAntennasforWirelessSystems,FirstEdition.EngHockLim,KwokWaLeung.
©2012JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Published2012byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
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