Compact Low-Voltage and High-Speed CMOS, BiCMOS and Bipolar Operational Amplifiers

257 Pages·1999·11.07 MB·English

by  Klaas-Jan de Langen

COMPACT LOW-VOLTAGE AND HIGH-SPEED CMOS, BiCMOS
AND BIPOLAR OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES
IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
ANALOG CIRCUITS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
Consulting Editor: Mohammed Ismail. Ohio State University
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COMPACT LOW-VOLTAGE
AND HIGH-SPEED CMOS,
BiCMOS AND BIPOLAR
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
by
Klaas-Jande Langen
Philips Semiconductors, Inc.,
Sunnyvale. California
and
Johan H. Huijsing
Delft University of Technology,
The Netherlands
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4419-5102-1 ISBN 978-1-4757-2993-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-2993-1
This printing is a digital duplication ofthc original cdition.
Prilltul OII acid)ree paper
Second Printing 2003
AII Rights Reserved
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Original1y published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1999
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying. recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without writtcn permission from the copyright owner.
Table of Contents
Preface •
IX
.
List of symbols
XI
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Low-voltage limitations .......................................... 2
1.2 Transistor limitations .............................................. 4
1.2.1 Bipolar junction transistor ............................. 4
1.2.2 MOS transistor............................................... 6
1.3 Low-voltage power-efficient operational
amplifier design....................................................... 8
1.4 Organization of the work . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . lO
1.5 References............................................................. 11
2 Input Stages 13
2.1 Introduction........................................................... 13
2.2 Basic input stages .................................................. 14
2.3 Rail-to-rail input stages in bipolar and CMOS
technology............................................................. 18
2.4 Rail-to-rail input stages with constant common-
mode output currents ............................................. 25
2.5 Input-stage biasing for constant gm in bipolar
and CMOS technology.......................................... 28
2.6 Conclusions........................................................... 31
2.7 References ............................................................. 32
v
COMPACT LOW-VOLTAGE AND HIGH-SPEED
CMOS. BICMOS AND BIPOLAR OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Table of Contents
3 ·Output Stages 35
3.1 Introduction ............................................................ 35
3.2 Basic output-stage configurations .......................... 36
3.3 Static distortion considerations .............................. 39
3.4 Feedforward class-AB biasing ............................... 43
3.5 Feedback class-AB biasing .................................... 59
3.6 All-NPN output stages ........................................... 85
3.7 BiCMOS output-stage configurations .................... 89
3.8 Protection circuits .................................................. 93
3.8.1 Saturation protection .................................... 93
3.8.2 Current limitation ......................................... 95
3.9 Conclusions .......................................................... 102
3.10 References ............................................................ 106
4 Overall-Design Techniques 109
4.1 Introduction .......................................................... 109
4.2 DC-gain limitations ............................................. 110
4.3 Bandwidth limitations .......................................... 114
4.4 Frequency compensation ..................................... 117
4.5 Two-stage amplifier optimalization ..................... 123
4.5.1 Parallel compensation ................................ 123
4.5.2 Miller compensation ................................... 127
4.5.3 Multipath-Miller-zero cancellation ............ 137
4.5.4 Active Miller compensation techniques ..... 138
4.6 Three-stage amplifier optimalization ................... 142
4.6.1 Nested-Miller compensation ...................... 143
4.6.2 Cascoded-nested-Miller compensation ...... 147
4.6.3 Mirrored-nested-Miller compensation ....... 150
4.6.4 Multipath-Nested-Miller compensation ..... 151
VI COMPACT LOW-VOLTAGE AND HIGH-SPEED
CMOS, BICMOS AND BIPOLAR OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Table of Contents
4.6.5 Multiple-multipath nested-Miller
compensation............................................. 156
4.7 Dynamic distortion .............................................. 160
4.8 Settling time .. .. .. .. ........... .. .. ..... .. .. ..... .. .. ... .. .. .. ...... 164
4.9 Design for programmability................................ 167
4.10 Conclusions......................................................... 168
4.11 References........................................................... 169
5 Realizations 171
5.1 Introduction......................................................... 171
5.2 Bipolar amplifier topologies................................ 172
5.2.1 1-GHz operational amplifier ...................... 172
5.2.2 Power-efficient high-current amplifier ...... 189
5.3 CMOS Compact amplifier topologies for VLSI. 193
5.3.1 Compact 1.4 V topology with rail-to-rail
output range . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . 194
5.3.2 Compact l.7V topology with rail-to-rail
input and output ranges.............................. 205
5.3.3 Ultimate-low-voltage compact amplifiers
with rail-to-rail output ranges.................... 211
5.4 BiCMOS amplifier topologies ............................ 221
5.4.1 Compact BiCMOS amplifiers with rail-to-
rail input and output ranges .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 221
5.4.2 Low-voltage BiCMOS amplifiers with
rail-to-rail output range .............................. 228
5.4.3 200-MHz power-efficient BiCMOS
amplifiers................................................... 234
5.5 Conclusions ......................................................... 242
5.6 References ........................................................... 243
Index 247
COMPACT LOW-VOLTAGE AND HIGH-SPEED VII
CMOS, BICMOS AND BIPOLAR OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Preface
"Compact Low-Voltage and High-Speed CMOS, BiCMOS and Bipolar Operational
Amplifiers" focuses on the design of integrated operational amplifiers that approach the
limits of low supply voltage or very high bandwidth. The resulting realizations span the
whole field of applications from micro-power CMOS VLSI amplifiers to 1-GHz bipolar
amplifiers. The work is especially useful for professional designers who like to improve
their amplifier designs to match the state of the art. The book is also of interest to
graduate students in the field of analog circuit design.
After discussing the fundamentals of low-voltage power-efficient operational amplifier
design in the first chapter, chapter 2 discusses input stages. First, basic input stages are
discussed, followed by rail-to-rail input stages with constant transconductance for
constant bandwidth. New input-stage circuits that result in compact solutions are
presented (section 2.4). Finally, new compact PTAT bias-current generators are
discussed by which a constant transconductance of CMOS input stages as a function of
temperature can be obtained (section 2.5).
In chapter 3, output stages are discussed. First, rail-to-rail output stages are treated. A
rail-to-rail output-voltage swing can be obtained by using a common-source connected
or common-emitter connected output stage. Class-AB biasing assures a compromise
between power consumption and distortion. Two types of class-AB biasing principles
can be distinguished: feedforward class-AB control and feedback class-AB control.
Numerous examples of both principles are given in CMOS as well as in bipolar
technology. In addition, the stability of the class-AB control loop of feedback biased
output stages is analyzed (section 3.5). Especially interesting is the feedback class-AB
biasing with a simple minimum selector which can be applied in CMOS as well as in
bipolar technology (section 3.5). Secondly, aii-NPN output stages are presented. Thanks
to the excellent performance of NPN transistors, all-NPN output stages are still
important for achieving very high bandwidth or very high output-current capability.
Finally, an overview of output stages in BiCMOS technology is given (section 3.7). For
bipolar output stages in bipolar and BiCMOS amplifiers very important protection
circuits are discussed which limit the output current and the saturation of output
transistors (section 3.8).
Chapter 4 treats the overall design of operational amplifiers. In order to obtain sufficient
gain, an operational amplifier consists of several cascaded gain stages. Since each stage
introduces a dominant pole, frequency compensation is required to shape the frequency
response. The only frequency compensation techniques suited to general purpose
COMPACT LOW-VOLTAGE AND HIGH-SPEED IX
CMOS. BICMOS AND BIPOLAR OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
amplifiers are based on Miller compensation. Using Miller compensation the bandwidth
reduces when the number of stages increases. The optimization of two-stage Miller
compensated amplifiers is discussed. If the supply voltage is equal to one gate-source
voltage and one saturation, at least three stages are needed to achieve sufficient gain in
bipolar technology, in BiCMOS technology. and in CMOS technology. A three-stage
amplifier can be compensated using nested-Miller compensation. Two new active
versions of nested-Miller compensation are introduced: cascoded-nested-Miller
compensation (section 4.6.2) and mirrored-nested-Miller compensation (section 4.6.3).
In the final chapter, chapter 5, many realizations are presented. Two amplifiers have been
designed in bipolar technology. The first amplifier is a wideband amplifier with a very
high unity-gain frequency of I GHz. The second amplifier has a rail-to-rail class-AB
output stage with a high ratio between the maximum output current and the quiescent
current. Five amplifiers have been designed in CMOS technology. Three Amplifiers are
based on a compact topology that can operate on a supply voltages down to one gate
source voltage and two saturation voltages which amounts to about 1.4 V. The two other
CMOS amplifiers are based on an ultimate-low-voltage topology and can operate on
supply voltages down to one gate-source voltage and one saturation voltages which
amounts to about 1.2 V. In BiCMOS technology, five amplifiers have been designed. The
first two amplifiers are based on a compact topology. Two other amplifiers are designed
to operate on low supply voltages down to 1.3 V. The final amplifier uses a powerful
combination of an aii-NPN output stage driven by a PMOS intermediate stage to obtain a
power-efficient wideband amplifier. The amplifier has a unity-gain frequency of 200
MHz and can operate down to 2.5 V.
Klaas-Jan de Langen
Johan H. Huijsing
Delft, April 6, 1999.
X COMPACT LOW-VOLTAGE AND HIGH-SPEED
CMOS, 81CMOS AND BIPOLAR OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
List ofs ymbols
Symbol Quantity Unit
p
transconductance factor A/V2
PF forward current gain of bipolar transistor
PR reverse current gain of bipolar transistor
y bulk -threshold parameter 1/VI/2
1-l voltage gain
!ln mobility of electrons cm2Ns
lln mobility of holes cm2Ns
a real part of the complex frequency rad/s
1: time constant s
<l>t flat-band voltage v
<l'm phase margin 0
(I) frequency rad/s
(l)d doublet frequency rad/s
(l)d unity-gain frequency of uncompensated system rad/s
(I)[> pole frequency rad/s
ffiu unity-gain frequency rad/s
(l)z zero frequency rad/s
Ao de open-loop gain dB
Be effective bandwidth Hz
CMRR common-mode rejection ratio dB
c
symbol for capacitor F
CsE base-emitter capacitance F
Ccs gate-source capacitance F
eM Miller capacitor F
CL load capacitor F
cox normalized oxide capacitance Flm2
DRm ax maximum dynamic range dB
f frequency Hz
h transit frequency Hz
n-1
gill transconductance
i small-signal current A
iill small-signal input current A
I current A
COMPACT LOW-VOLTAGE AND HIGH-SPEED XI
CMOS, BICMOS AND BIPOLAR OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS