Communications System Laboratory

434 Pages·2015·12.996 MB·\434

by  B. Preetham Kumar (Author)

Communications
System Laboratory

Communications
System Laboratory
B. P RE ETHAM KU MAR
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY,
SACRAMENTO, USA
Boca Raton London New York
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To Veena, Vasanth, and Alex
and
In memory of my parents

Contents
Preface ...................................................................................................................xiii
Note to Readers ..................................................................................................xvii
Author ...................................................................................................................xix
1. Types of Electronic Communication Systems ..........................................1
1.1 How the World Is Linked through Coaxial, Microwave,
Satellite, Cable, and Cellular Technologies .......................................3
1.2 Functional Layers in Modern Communication Systems .................5
1.3 Path Loss in Communication Links ...................................................6
1.4 Introduction to MATLAB®/Simulink®...............................................7
1.4.1 MATLAB® Basics......................................................................8
1.4.1.1 System Operating Commands ...............................8
1.4.1.2 Numbers ....................................................................8
1.4.1.3 Vectors and Matrices ................................................9
1.4.1.4 Creating One-Dimensional and
Two-Dimensional Spaces Using MATLAB® .........9
1.4.1.5 Programming with Vectors ..................................10
1.4.2 Simulink® Basics ....................................................................12
1.4.2.1 General Simulink® Operations .............................12
1.4.2.2 Editing, Running, and Saving
Simulink® Files ......................................................14
1.4.2.3 Demo Files ...............................................................14
1.5 Introduction to Equipment Used in Communication Systems .....14
1.5.1 Sources .....................................................................................14
1.5.2 Measurement Devices ...........................................................14
1.5.3 Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits..................................15
Problem Solving .............................................................................................15
Computer Laboratory ...................................................................................17
Hardware Laboratory ....................................................................................19
2. Time/Frequency Analysis of Communication
Signals and Systems ....................................................................................23
2.1 Concept of Carrier in Communication Systems .............................23
2.2 Signal Spectrum and the Fourier Transform ..................................25
2.2.1 Important Facts about the Fourier Transform ...................26
2.2.1.1 Continuous and Discrete Spectrum ....................26
2.2.2 Power and Energy Relations in the Fourier Domain .......28
vii
viii Contents
2.3 Important Communication Signals and Their
Frequency Spectra ...............................................................................29
2.4 Frequency Analysis of Communication Systems ...........................33
2.4.1 Linear Systems .......................................................................33
2.4.2 Nonlinear Systems .................................................................34
2.5 Practical Methods of Spectrum Analysis: DFT and IDFT .............36
2.6 Discrete-Time System Analysis: Circular Convolution .................38
2.7 Fast Fourier Transform .......................................................................41
2.8 Computation of Fast Fourier Transform with MATLAB®..............42
Problem Solving .............................................................................................43
Computer Laboratory ...................................................................................45
Hardware Laboratory ....................................................................................47
3. First-Generation Systems: Analog Modulation .....................................49
3.1 Amplitude Modulation ......................................................................49
3.1.1 Double Sideband Modulation ..............................................50
3.1.2 Single Sideband Modulation ................................................56
3.2 Angle Modulation ...............................................................................62
3.2.1 Frequency Modulation ..........................................................62
3.2.2 Phase Modulation ..................................................................64
3.3 Comparison of AM and FM Modulation Systems .........................66
3.4 Noise and Filtering in Analog Modulation Systems .....................66
3.4.1 Noise Performance of AM and FM Circuits ......................67
3.4.2 Filtering Techniques to Minimize Noise Effects in
Communication Channels ....................................................68
Problem Solving .............................................................................................72
Computer Laboratory ...................................................................................73
Hardware Laboratory ....................................................................................74
4. Second-Generation Systems: Digital Modulation .................................79
4.1 Pulse Code Modulation ......................................................................80
4.1.1 Time Sampling .......................................................................80
4.1.2 Amplitude Quantization ......................................................83
4.1.2.1 Uniform Quantizer ................................................83
4.1.2.2 Nonuniform Quantizer .........................................85
4.1.3 Digital Encoding ....................................................................89
4.1.4 Transmission Rate and Shannon’s Maximum
Capacity Theorem ..................................................................91
4.1.5 Line Coding and Pulse Shaping Technique .......................92
4.2 Digital Modulation Systems ..............................................................93
4.2.1 Digital AM or Phase Shift Keying .......................................93
4.2.2 Digital FM or Frequency Shift Keying ...............................96
4.2.3 Differential Phase Shift Keying ...........................................98
Contents ix
4.3 BER and Bandwidth Performance in Digital
Modulation Systems ...........................................................................99
4.3.1 Noise Correction and Filtering in Digital
Modulation Systems ............................................................101
4.3.1.1 Error-Detecting Codes .........................................101
4.3.1.2 Error-Correcting Codes .......................................102
4.3.2 Equalization and Channel Compensation .......................102
Problem Solving ...........................................................................................105
Computer Laboratory .................................................................................107
Hardware Laboratory ..................................................................................112
5. Third-Generation Systems: Wideband Digital Modulation .............117
5.1 Principle of Spread Spectrum Communications ..........................117
5.2 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum ..........................................119
5.2.1 FHSS Transmission and Reception ...................................120
5.2.2 FHSS Bandwidth and BER Performance ..........................122
5.3 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum .................................................122
5.3.1 DSSS Transmission and Reception ....................................122
5.3.2 DSSS Bandwidth and BER Performance ..........................124
5.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Spread Spectrum
Systems ...............................................................................................125
Problem Solving ...........................................................................................126
Computer Laboratory .................................................................................127
6. Capacity of Communication Systems and Higher Generations .......131
6.1 Evolution of Capacity and Data Rate in
Communication Systems .................................................................131
6.1.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access .................................132
6.1.2 Time Division Multiple Access ..........................................133
6.1.3 Code Division Multiple Access ..........................................134
6.2 Fourth-Generation Systems .............................................................135
6.2.1 Multicarrier Approach to Modulation ..............................135
6.2.2 Principle of Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing .........................................................................137
6.2.3 OFDM Transmission and Reception .................................137
6.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of OFDM .......................139
6.3 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Technology ...............................139
6.3.1 Principle of MIMO Systems................................................139
6.3.2 Analysis of Input–Output Systems ...................................140
6.4 Fifth-Generation Communication Systems ...................................142
Problem Solving ...........................................................................................143
Computer Laboratory .................................................................................144