Communications Engineering Desk Reference

557 Pages·2009·25.67 MB·English

by  Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skold, Per Beming, Alan C. Bovik, Bruce A. Fette, Keith Jack, Farid Dowla, Casimer DeCusatis, Ed da Silva, Luis M. Correia, Philip A Chou, Mihaela van der Schaar, Ronald Kitchen I Eng, Daniel M. Dobkin, Dan Bensky, Jua

Communications Engineering Desk Reference
Note from the Publisher
This book has been compiled using extracts from the have entailed the re-numbering of Sections and Figures. In
following books within the range of Communications view of the breadth of content and style of the source books,
Engineering books in the Elsevier collection: there is some overlap and repetition of material between
chapters and significant differences in style, but these
Dowla (2004) Handbook of RF and Wireless Technology,
features have been left in order to retain the flavour and
9780750676953
readability of the individual chapters.
Da Silva (2001) High Frequency and Microwave Engineer-
ing, 9780750650465 End of chapter questions
Fette (2006) Cognitive Radio Technology, 9780750679527 Within the book, several chapters end with a set of
Kitchen (2001) RF and Microwave Radiation Safety, questions; please note that these questions are for reference
9780750643559 only. Solutions are not always provided for these
Ellis, Pursell and Rahman (2003) Voice, Video and Data questions.
Network Convergence, 9780122365423
Van der Schaar and Chou (2007) Multimedia over IP and Units of measure
Wireless Networks, 9780120884803 Units are provided in either SI or IP units. A conversion table
Zhao and Guibas (2004) Wireless Sensor Networks: An for these units is provided at the front of the book.
Information Processing Approach, 9781558609143 Upgrade to an Electronic Version
Dahlman et al. (2007) 3G Evolution, 9780123725332 An electronic version of the Desk reference, the Communi-
Correia (2006) Mobile Broadband Multimedia Networks: cations Engineering e-Mega Reference, 9780123746498
Techniques, Models and Tools for 4G, 9780123694225
Dobkin (2005) RF Engineering for Wireless Networks,
9780750678735 A fully searchable Mega Reference eBook, providing all
Bensky (2004) Short Range Wireless Communication, the essential material needed by Communications
9780750677820 Engineers on a day-to-day basis.
DeCusatis (2002) Handbook of Fiber Optic Data Commu- Fundamentals, key techniques, engineering best practice
nication, 9780122078910 and rules-of-thumb at one quick click of a button
Jack (2007) Video Demystified, 9780750683951 Over 1,500 pages of reference material, including over
Bovik (2005) Handbook of Image and Video Processing, 1,000 pages not included in the print edition
9780121197926
The extracts have been taken directly from the above source Go to http://www.elsevierdirect.com/9780123746481
books, with some small editorial changes. These changes and click on Ebook Available
Communications
Engineering
Desk Reference
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Contents
Author Biographies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Section 1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Section 2 RF ENGINEERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 Basic features of radio communication systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Transmission lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3 Software defined radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.4a The software defined radio as a platform for cognitive radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.4b Cognitive radio: The technologies required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2.5 Introduction to RF and microwave radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Section 3 NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3.1 Data and voice traffic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.2 Network infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
3.3 VoIP technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
3.4 Channel protection fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
3.5 Network adaptive media transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
3.6 Real-time communication over networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
3.7 Wireless sensor networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Section 4 MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
4.1 Background of 3G evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
4.2 The motives behind the 3G evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
4.3 High data rates in mobile communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
4.4 OFDM transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
4.5 Scheduling, link adaptation and hybrid ARQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
4.6 WCDMA evolution: HSPA and MBMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
4.7 Propagation modelling and channel characterisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Section 5 SHORT RANGE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
5.1 Wireless local area networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
5.2 Short-range wireless applications and technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Section 6 OPTICAL DATA COMMUNICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
6.1 Optical fiber, cable and connectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
v
C O N T E N T S
Section 7 VIDEO AND IMAGE PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
7.1 Introduction to video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
7.2 Colour spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
7.3 Video signals overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
7.4 Video compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Section 8 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
List of acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
vi
Author Biographies
Per Beming joined Ericsson in 1994 and he has worked Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Tech-
with radio access concept development and standardi- nology Best Student Paper Award in 2002.
zation, primarily with architecture questions. The most
Dr. Philip A. Chou is a Principal Researcher with
prevalent examples are GPRS, WCDMA, HSPA, and
Microsoft Research in Redmond, Washington, and man-
LTE-SAE. He has been a key member of 3GPP TSG
ages the Communication and Collaboration Systems
RAN since 1999. Currently Per is responsible for stan-
research group. He has lectured at the Universities of
dardization at Developing Unit Radio within the Business
Stanford, Washington, and the Chinese University of
Unit Networks, and is also manages a group of systems
Hong Kong. He currently serves as coordinator of the
managers working with concept development and
awards subcommittee of the IEEE SP Society Multi-
standardization.
media Signal Processing technical committee (MMSP
Alan Bensky is an electronics engineering consultant with TC). He also serves on the editorial board of the IEEE
over 30 years of experience in analog and digital design, Signal Processing Magazine. He is a Fellow of the IEEE
management, and marketing. Specializing in wireless and is the recipient of, amongst other awards, the Signal
circuits and systems, he has carried out projects for Processing Society Paper Award and the IEEE Trans-
a variety of military and consumer applications and led actions on Multimedia Best Paper Award.
the development of three patents on wireless distance Luis M. Correia is Professor in Telecommunications at
measurement. He has authored two books on wireless Technical University of Lisbon. He has acted as a con-
communication and has written several articles in sultant for Portuguese GSM operators and the telecom-
international and local publications. Bensky has taught munications regulator. He has authored many papers and
electrical engineering courses, gives lectures on radio communications in international journals and confer-
engineering topics and is a senior member of IEEE. ences, for which he has served also as a reviewer, editor,
and board member. He has served as evaluator and
Dr. Alan Bovik is a Professor at the University of Austin
auditor in ACTS, ESPRIT and IST frameworks, besides
in Texas in the Departments of Electrical and Computer
several national agencies worldwide, and was part of the
Engineering, Computer Sciences and Biomedical Engi-
COST Domain Committee on ICT. He was the Chair-
neering. He is the inventor or co-inventor of, amongst
man of the Technical Program Committee of
other well-known inventions, Order Statistic Filters and
PIMRC’2002. He is part of the Expert Advisory Group
the Image Modulation Model. He has published over 450
and of the Steering Board of the European eMobility
technical articles and holds two U.S. patents. Dr Bovik
platform.
has received many awards, including the Technical
Achievement Award and the Distinguished Lecturer Dr. Erik Dahlman has been with Ericsson Research since
Award of the IEEE Signal Processing Society. He is 1993 and where he currently holds a position of Senior
a Fellow of the IEEE and a Fellow of the Optical Society Expert in the area of Radio Access Technologies. He has
of America and has been involved in numerous pro- been heavily involved in the development and standard-
fessional society activities. He is also a registered Pro- ization of 3G radio-access technologies, including
fessional Engineer in the State of Texas and is a frequent WCDMA, HSPA, and LTE, both within local standard-
consultant to legal, industrial and academic institutions. ization bodies such as ETSI and ARIB, as well as within
the global 3GPP organization.
Bruno Clerckx is currently Senior Engineer at Samsung
Electronics in Korea. He has been working on 3GPP LTE Dr. Ed da Silva is a former Tenured Academic for the
RAN 1 and is currently involved in IEEE 802.16m. He Open University Telematics Department and Professor
previously held a visiting research position at the Smart and Head of the Electrical Department at Etisalat Col-
Antennas Research Group (Information Systems Labo- lege. He spent over fifteen years in the industry in the
ratory), Stanford University (CA, USA). He is the USA, UK, Japan and Hong Kong, before spending over
author of more than 30 research papers as well as mul- fifteen years in academia in the UK, United Arab
tiple standard contributions. He also holds several Emirates and Nigeria. He also designed equipment for
Korean and international patents. He received the IEEE NASA’s Apollo Moon Landings.
vii
A U T H O R B I O G R A P H I E S
Dr. Casimer DeCusatis is an IBM Distinguished Engi- the role of Technical Chair, and is a panelist for the IEEE
neer and Technical Executive based in Poughkeepsie, Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing
N.Y. He is an IBM Master Inventor with over 70 patents, Industrial Technology Track. Dr. Fette currently heads
and recipient of several industry awards, including the the General Dynamics Signal Processing Center of Ex-
IEEE Kiyo Tomiyasu Award and the EDN Innovator of cellence in the Communication Networks Division.
the Year. He is co-author of more than 100 technical
Professor Leonidas Guibas is Professor of Computer
papers, book chapters, and encyclopedia articles, and is
Science (and by courtesy, Electrical Engineering) at
also co-leader of the IBM Academy of Technology study
Stanford, having previously worked for Xerox PARC,
‘‘Innovation Ecosystems’’. He is a Fellow of the IEEE,
Stanford, MIT, and DEC/SRC. At Stanford he heads the
Optical Society of America, and SPIE (the international
Geometric Computation group within the Graphics
optical engineering society), and various other pro-
Laboratory and has developed new courses in algorithms
fessional organizations and honor societies.
and data structures, geometric modeling, geometric al-
Dr. Daniel Dobkin has been involved in the de- gorithms, sensor networks, and biocomputation. He is
velopment, manufacturing, and marketing of communi- also part of the AI Laboratory the Bio-X Program, and the
cations devices, components, and systems for thirty Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engi-
years. He is the author of three books and about 30 neering. Professor Guibas is an ACM Fellow and winner
technical publications, and holds 7 US patents as in- of the ACM/IEEE Allen Newell award.
ventor or co-inventor. He has twenty years of experience
Keith Jack is Director of Product Marketing at Sigma
in semiconductor process development, and ten years in
Designs, a leading supplier of high-performance System-
radio engineering and RFID. He has taught classes on
on-Chip (SoC) solutions for the IPTV, Blu-ray, and
chemical vapor deposition, antenna principles, and radio-
HDTV markets. Previously, he was Director of Product
frequency identification in the US and Asia.
Marketing at Innovision, focused on solutions for digital
Professor Farid Dowla is a senior research engineer at
televisions. Mr. Jack has also served as Strategic Mar-
the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)
keting Manager at Harris Semiconductor and Brooktree
and has been at LLNL since 1984. His present research
Corporation. He has architected and introduced to
interests include high-frequency radio-wave communi-
market over 35 multimedia SoCs for the consumer
cations, and micro-wave and millimeter-wave radar im-
markets.
aging techniques. He also worked many years in the areas
of seismic, acoustics, and biomedical signal processing. Ronald Kitchen was with the Royal Air Force for four-
He has taught graduate and undergraduate electrical teen years from the age of sixteen. He joined the Marconi
engineering courses in signal processing and communi- Company in 1955 and was appointed Marconi Research
cations at U.C. Berkeley and U. C. Davis. Quality Manager and Radiation Protection Officer in
1971, carrying out just under 1000 radiation in-
Juanita Ellis has been at the forefront in working with
vestigations. He retired in 1990 and set up his own
corporations in the areas of Convergence, Computer
consultancy. As a visiting consultant, he created a course
Security and E-business. Some of these companies
at Marconi College, training 142 Military officers and
include Sony, JcPenney, SWBell, Boeing, Xerox, Bell
Senior NCOs. He was awarded the British Empire Medal
Atlantic, MCI, Citibank and Toyota. Currently, she helps
for services to GEC Marconi.
companies deploy Voice and Data networks, Converged
Solutions, VPN Security and Call Center applications. Dr. Wing-Kuen Ling has lectured at King’s College
She has also been a keynote speaker for Women in London since 2004. He is the author of the textbook
Technology and companies such as Cisco and SWBell. Nonlinear Digital Filters: Analysis and Applications and
She has lectured for the University of Maryland an editor of the research monograph Control Chaos for
European Division, Southern Methodist University, Na- Circuits and Systems: A Practical Approach. His research
tional Technology University and UCLA’s Anderson interests include symbolic dynamics, optimization theory
School of Business and Engineering Extension Programs. and applications, filter banks and wavelets, and fuzzy and
impulsive control theory and applications.
Dr. Bruce Fette is Chief Scientist in the Communica-
tions Networking Division business area of General David P. Morgan is a Surface Acoustic Waves (SAW)
Dynamics C4 Systems, working in LSI design, speech consultant, with over forty years experience in this area.
signal processing, advanced signal processing for tele- He has authored two books and has published over 100
phony, and RF communications. He has 36 patents and technical papers. His knowledge of the SAW area has led
has been awarded the ‘‘Distinguished Innovator Award’’. to his being invited to lecture on the subject in the U.S.,
He has also worked with the Software Defined Radio Russia, Finland, Japan, China and Korea. He is a Life
(SDR) Forum from its inception, currently performing Senior Member of the IEEE.
viii
A U T H O R B I O G R A P H I E S
Dr. Claude Oestges is a Research Associate of the Bel- gies, Bell Lab Innovations, supporting enterprise solutions
gian National Science Foundation (FRS) and a part-time that involved convergence, VoIP, wireless, gigabit
Associate Professor at UCL. He co-authored MIMO switching, ATM, and Frame Relay LAN/WAN solutions.
Wireless Communications and has made more than 100 He currently designs and provides solutions on advanced
contributions to international journals and conference and complex converged networks for Fortune 500 com-
proceedings. He was a member of the IEEE 802.11 panies, educational institutions, and security firms.
Standardization Working Group on ‘‘Multiple antenna
Johan Skold has been with Ericsson Research since 1989,
channel modeling’’. He received the IEE Marconi Pre-
where he has been involved in the standardization and
mium Award in 2001 and the IEEE Vehicular Technology
evolution of GSM, EDGE and UMTS/HSPA/LTE.
Society 2004 Neal Shepherd Award.
Mr. Skold was active in the FRAMES project within the
Ron Olexa has designed and developed cellular tele- European 4th Framework program, and initiated the
communication systems in major US and European work on EDGE as a GSM evolution within that project
markets. He served as the COO of SCT, then moved into and later in standardisation. He was also active in taking
the emerging Wireless data industry as CTO of Advanced the WCDMA concept from the FRAMES project into
Radio Telecom. He then started an independent consul- the standardization of UMTS/IMT-2000 in 3GPP, and in
ting company to provide RF and technical guidance to the development of HSPA and LTE as the evolution of
spectrum licensees and companies. More recently he 3G. He is a Senior member of IEEE.
implemented one of the world’s first WiMax capable
Professor Mihaela van der Schaar is Associate Professor
networks. He has served on the Board of Directors of
at the UCLA Electrical Engineering Department. Before
EdgeFocus Inc and has authored training material used
this she was a senior researcher at Philips Research in the
for certification by the WiMax forum.
Netherlands and USA. She has published extensively on
Dr. Stefan Parkvall joined Ericsson Research in 1999
multimedia communications, networking, architectures,
where he currently serves as senior specialist in adap-
systems, compression and processing, and holds 30 US
tive radio access, working with research on and stan-
patents. She is an active participant in the ISO Motion
dardization of future cellular technologies including
Picture Expert Group (MPEG) standard and chairs the
HSPA, LTE and LTE-Advanced. His previous positions
ad-hoc group on MPEG-21 Scalable Video Coding. She
include being an assistant professor in communication
is also a senior member of IEEE, and the Technical
theory at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm,
Committee on Multimedia Signal Processing. She has
Sweden, and a visiting researcher at University of
won several awards, including the Okawa Foundation
California, San Diego, USA. Dr Parkvall is a senior
Award and the IBM Faculty Award three times.
member of IEEE and received Ericsson’s Inventor of the
Year award 2005. Dr. Feng Zhao is a Principal Researcher at Microsoft
Research, where he manages the Networked Embedded
Charles Pursell has worked in the telecommunications
Computing Group. He has taught at Stanford University
and data networking industry for over 20 years. He began
and Ohio State University, was a Principal Scientist at
his career at Bell Laboratories as a systems architect for
Xerox PARC and directed PARC’s sensor network
PBX and data network connectivity solutions and has
research effort. He serves as the founding Editor-In-
worked in many positions in voice, data, and converged
Chief of ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, and has
network design and support. He is currently a converged
authored or co-authored over 100 technical papers and
networking consultant for Avaya, Inc.
books. He has received a number of awards, and his work
Joy Rahman, an award-winning senior converged engi- has been featured in news media such as BBC World
neering specialist, started his career at Lucent Technolo- News, BusinessWeek, and Technology Review.
ix