Communication Systems Principles Using MATLAB®

558 Pages·2018·13.86 MB·english

by  JohnW. Leis

CommunicationSystemsPrinciplesUsingMATLAB®
Communication Systems Principles
Using MATLAB®
JohnW.Leis
UniversityofSouthernQueensland
Thiseditionfirstpublished2018
©2018JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,
ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor
otherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthis
titleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
TherightofJohnW.Leisbeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordance
withlaw.
RegisteredOffice
JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
EditorialOffice
111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andforinformationabout
Wileyproductsvisitusatwww.wiley.com.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Somecontent
thatappearsinstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinotherformats.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty
MATLABⓇisatrademarkofTheMathWorks,Inc.andisusedwithpermission.TheMathWorksdoes
notwarranttheaccuracyofthetextorexercisesinthisbook.Thiswork’suseordiscussionof
MATLABⓇsoftwareorrelatedproductsdoesnotconstituteendorsementorsponsorshipbyThe
MathWorksofaparticularpedagogicalapproachorparticularuseoftheMATLABⓇsoftware.While
thepublisherandauthorshaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthiswork,theymakeno
representationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthiswork
andspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarrantiesof
merchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales
representatives,writtensalesmaterialsorpromotionalstatementsforthiswork.Thefactthatan
organization,website,orproductisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/orpotentialsourceof
furtherinformationdoesnotmeanthatthepublisherandauthorsendorsetheinformationorservices
theorganization,website,orproductmayprovideorrecommendationsitmaymake.Thisworkissold
withtheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Theadvice
andstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwitha
specialistwhereappropriate.Further,readersshouldbeawarethatwebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhave
changedordisappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Neitherthepublisher
norauthorsshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnot
limitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Leis,John,1966–author.
Title:CommunicationsystemsprinciplesusingMATLAB/byJohnW.Leis.
Description:Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2018.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2018008692(print)|LCCN2018021192(ebook)|ISBN9781119470687(pdf)|
ISBN9781119470755(epub)|ISBN9781119470670(cloth)
Subjects:LCSH:MATLAB.|Datatransmissionsystems–Computersimulation.|
Telecommunicationsystems–Computersimulation.
Classification:LCCTK5105(ebook)|LCCTK5105.L452018(print)|DDC621.3820285/53–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018008692
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImage:©Nongkran_ch/gettyimages
Setin10/12ptWarnockbySPiGlobal,Pondicherry,India
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Tomyfather,Harold,andmymother,Rosalie.
Forallyouhavedoneforus,andteachingthat
mountainsaretheretobeclimbed.
ToDebbie,Amy,andKate.
Forenrichingmylifebeyondimagination.
vii
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction xvii
AbouttheCompanionWebsite xxi
1 SignalsandSystems 1
1.1 ChapterObjectives 1
1.2 Introduction 1
1.3 SignalsandPhaseShift 2
1.4 SystemBuildingBlocks 3
1.4.1 BasicBuildingBlocks 3
1.4.2 PhaseShiftingBlocks 4
1.4.3 LinearandNonlinearBlocks 5
1.4.4 FilteringBlocks 8
1.5 IntegrationandDifferentiationofaWaveform 10
1.6 GeneratingSignals 16
1.7 MeasuringandTransferringPower 19
1.7.1 RootMeanSquare 19
1.7.2 TheDecibel 23
1.7.3 MaximumPowerTransfer 25
1.8 SystemNoise 29
1.9 ChapterSummary 32
Problems 32
2 Wired,Wireless,andOpticalSystems 37
2.1 ChapterObjectives 37
2.2 Introduction 37
2.3 UsefulPreliminaries 38
2.3.1 FrequencyComponentsWhenaSignalWaveformIsKnown 38
2.3.2 FrequencySpectrumWhenaSignalIsMeasured 42
2.3.3 MeasuringtheFrequencySpectruminPractice 44
viii Contents
2.4 WiredCommunications 50
2.4.1 CablingConsiderations 50
2.4.2 PulseShaping 52
2.4.3 LineCodesandSynchronization 62
2.4.4 ScramblingandSynchronization 66
2.4.5 PulseReflection 73
2.4.6 CharacteristicImpedanceofaTransmissionLine 80
2.4.7 WaveEquationforaTransmissionLine 83
2.4.8 StandingWaves 84
2.5 RadioandWireless 92
2.5.1 Radio-frequencySpectrum 92
2.5.2 RadioPropagation 92
2.5.3 Line-of-sightConsiderations 96
2.5.4 RadioReflection 97
2.5.5 RadioWaveDiffraction 99
2.5.6 RadioWaveswithaMovingSenderorReceiver 103
2.5.7 SendingandCapturingaRadioSignal 105
2.5.8 ProcessingaWirelessSignal 119
2.5.9 Intermodulation 128
2.5.10 ExternalNoise 131
2.6 OpticalTransmission 132
2.6.1 PrinciplesofOpticalTransmission 132
2.6.2 OpticalSources 134
2.6.3 OpticalFiber 139
2.6.4 OpticalFiberLosses 145
2.6.5 OpticalTransmissionMeasurements 147
2.7 ChapterSummary 150
Problems 151
3 ModulationandDemodulation 155
3.1 ChapterObjectives 155
3.2 Introduction 155
3.3 UsefulPreliminaries 156
3.3.1 Trigonometry 157
3.3.2 ComplexNumbers 159
3.4 TheNeedforModulation 162
3.5 AmplitudeModulation 164
3.5.1 FrequencyComponents 167
3.5.2 PowerAnalysis 170
3.5.3 AMDemodulation 171
3.5.4 VariationsonAM 173
3.6 FrequencyandPhaseModulation 180
3.6.1 FMandPMConcepts 181
Contents ix
3.6.2 FMandPMAnalysis 183
3.6.3 GenerationofFMandPMSignals 185
3.6.4 TheSpectrumofFrequencyModulation 186
3.6.5 WhyDotheBesselCoefficientsGivetheSpectrumofFM? 195
3.6.6 FMDemodulation 200
3.7 PhaseTrackingandSynchronization 204
3.8 DemodulationUsingIQMethods 215
3.8.1 DemodulationofAMUsingIQSignals 216
3.8.2 DemodulationofPMUsingIQSignals 219
3.8.3 DemodulationofFMUsingIQSignals 222
3.9 ModulationforDigitalTransmission 225
3.9.1 DigitalModulation 226
3.9.2 RecoveringDigitalSignals 228
3.9.3 OrthogonalSignals 237
3.9.4 QuadratureAmplitudeModulation 239
3.9.5 FrequencyDivisionMultiplexing 242
3.9.6 OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing 244
3.9.7 ImplementingOFDM:TheFFT 247
3.9.8 SpreadSpectrum 254
3.10 ChapterSummary 261
Problems 261
4 InternetProtocolsandPacketDeliveryAlgorithms 269
4.1 ChapterObjectives 269
4.2 Introduction 269
4.3 UsefulPreliminaries 270
4.3.1 PacketSwitching 270
4.3.2 BinaryOperations 272
4.3.3 DataStructuresandDereferencingData 272
4.4 Packets,ProtocolLayers,andtheProtocolStack 277
4.5 LocalAreaNetworks 281
4.5.1 WiredLANs 282
4.5.2 WirelessLANs 284
4.6 DevicePacketDelivery:InternetProtocol 286
4.6.1 TheOriginalIPv4 286
4.6.2 ExtensiontoIPv6 286
4.6.3 IPChecksum 290
4.6.4 IPAddressing 294
4.6.5 Subnetworks 296
4.6.6 NetworkAddressTranslation 298
4.7 NetworkAccessConfiguration 300
4.7.1 MappingMACtoIP:ARP 301
4.7.2 IPConfiguration:DHCP 302
x Contents
4.7.3 DomainNameSystem(DNS) 302
4.8 ApplicationPacketDelivery:TCPandUDP 303
4.9 TCP:ReliableDeliveryandNetworkFairness 309
4.9.1 ConnectionEstablishmentandTeardown 311
4.9.2 CongestionControl 311
4.9.3 TCPTimeouts 319
4.10 PacketRouting 321
4.10.1 RoutingExample 322
4.10.2 MechanicsofPacketForwarding 323
4.10.3 RoutingTasks 325
4.10.4 ForwardingTableUsingSupernetting 326
4.10.5 RoutePathLookup 330
4.10.6 RoutingTablesBasedonNeighborDiscovery:DistanceVector 343
4.10.7 RoutingTablesBasedonNetworkTopology:LinkState 348
4.11 ChapterSummary 359
Problems 359
5 QuantizationandCoding 363
5.1 ChapterObjectives 363
5.2 Introduction 363
5.3 UsefulPreliminaries 364
5.3.1 ProbabilityFunctions 364
5.3.2 DifferenceEquationsandthezTransform 366
5.4 DigitalChannelCapacity 369
5.5 Quantization 372
5.5.1 ScalarQuantization 373
5.5.2 Companding 379
5.5.3 UnequalStepSizeQuantization 382
5.5.4 AdaptiveScalarQuantization 383
5.5.5 VectorQuantization 385
5.6 SourceCoding 389
5.6.1 LosslessCodes 390
5.6.1.1 EntropyandCodewords 390
5.6.1.2 TheHuffmanCode 392
5.6.1.3 AdaptingtheProbabilityTable 404
5.6.2 Block-basedLosslessEncoders 405
5.6.2.1 Sliding-WindowLosslessEncoders 405
5.6.2.2 Dictionary-basedLosslessEncoders 407
5.6.3 DifferentialPCM 409
5.6.3.1 Sample-by-samplePrediction 410
5.6.3.2 AdaptivePrediction 417
5.7 ImageCoding 420
5.7.1 BlockTruncationAlgorithm 422
Contents xi
5.7.2 DiscreteCosineTransform 425
5.7.3 QuadtreeDecomposition 430
5.7.4 ColorRepresentation 431
5.8 SpeechandAudioCoding 433
5.8.1 LinearPredictionforSpeechCoding 434
5.8.2 AnalysisbySynthesis 439
5.8.3 SpectralResponseandNoiseWeighting 440
5.8.4 AudioCoding 442
5.9 ChapterSummary 447
Problems 447
6 DataTransmissionandIntegrity 453
6.1 ChapterObjectives 453
6.2 Introduction 453
6.3 UsefulPreliminaries 454
6.3.1 ProbabilityErrorFunctions 454
6.3.2 IntegerArithmetic 458
6.4 BitErrorsinDigitalSystems 461
6.4.1 BasicConcepts 461
6.4.2 AnalyzingBitErrors 463
6.5 ApproachestoBlockErrorDetection 470
6.5.1 HammingCodes 472
6.5.2 Checksums 478
6.5.3 CyclicRedundancyChecks 482
6.5.4 ConvolutionalCodingforErrorCorrection 489
6.6 EncryptionandSecurity 507
6.6.1 CipherAlgorithms 508
6.6.2 SimpleEnciphermentSystems 509
6.6.3 KeyExchange 512
6.6.4 DigitalSignaturesandHashFunctions 519
6.6.5 Public-keyEncryption 520
6.6.6 Public-keyAuthentication 522
6.6.7 MathematicsUnderpinningPublic-keyEncryption 522
6.7 ChapterSummary 526
Problems 526
References 531
Index 541
xiii
Preface
History has probably never witnessed such a dramatic rise in technical
sophistication, coupled with blanket penetration into everyday life, as has
occurredinrecenttimeswithtelecommunications.Thecombinationofelec-
tronicsystems,togetherwithreadilyavailableprogrammabledevices,provides
endless possibilities for interconnecting what were previously separated and
isolatedmeansofcommunicating,bothacrossthestreetandacrosstheglobe.
How, then, is the college- or university-level student to come to grips with
allthissophisticationinjustafewsemestersofstudy?Humanlearninghasnot
changedsubstantially,butthemeanstoacquireknowledgeandshapeunder-
standing certainly has. This is through the ability to experiment, craft, code,
and create systems of our own making. This book recognizes that a valuable
approachisthatoflearn-by-doing,experimenting,makingmistakes,andalter-
ing our mental models as a result. Whilst there are many excellent reference
textsonthesubjectavailable,theycanbeopaqueandimpenetrabletothenew-
comer.
Thisbookisnotdesignedtosimplyofferarecipeforeachcurrentandemerg-
ing technology. Rather, the underpinning theories and ideas are explained in
ordertomotivatethewhydoesitworkinthisway?questionsratherthanhow
doestechnologyXwork?.
With these observations as a background, this book was designed to cover
many fundamental topics in telecommunications but without the need to
master a large body of theory whose relevance may not immediately be
apparent. It is suitable for several one-semester courses focusing on one or
more topics in radio and wireless modulation, reception and transmission,
wired networks, and fiber-optic communications. This is then extended to
packetnetworksandTCP/IPandthentodigitalsourceandchannelcodingand
thebasicsofdataencryption.Theemphasisisonunderstanding,ratherthan
regurgitatingfacts.Digitalcommunicationsisaddressedwiththecoverageof
packet-switched networks, with many fundamentalconcepts such as routing
via shortest path introduced with simple, concrete, and intuitive examples.