Communication of Smart Media PDF
Preview Communication of Smart Media
Peng Duan Lei Zhang Kai Song Xiao Han Communication of Smart Media Communication of Smart Media · · · Peng Duan Lei Zhang Kai Song Xiao Han Communication of Smart Media PengDuan LeiZhang CommunicationUniversityofChina CommunicationUniversityofChina Beijing,China Beijing,China KaiSong XiaoHan CommunicationUniversityofChina CommunicationUniversityofChina Beijing,China Beijing,China ISBN978-981-15-9463-2 ISBN978-981-15-9464-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9464-9 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Contents 1 Media’sRoleintheAIEra? ..................................... 1 1.1 HistoryofHumanCommunication ............................ 1 1.1.1 ChangesinMediaOvertheYears ...................... 1 1.1.2 OriginofTechnology ................................. 12 1.2 WhatIsSmartMedia? ...................................... 21 1.2.1 UnderstandingAI .................................... 21 1.2.2 CommunicationBecomesIntelligent .................... 25 1.3 EntertheEraofSmartMediaCommunication .................. 28 2 DifferencesinSmartMediaCommunication ...................... 31 2.1 NewFeaturesofSmartMediaCommunication ................. 31 2.1.1 All-EmbracingMedia,All-InclusiveConnection .......... 31 2.1.2 Human–Machine Interaction, Human–Machine Integration .......................................... 34 2.1.3 PublicastheParticipantandPublicastheMedia ......... 37 2.2 NewSpaceandTimeinSmartMediaCommunication ........... 40 2.2.1 TimeDisorderandFragmentation ...................... 40 2.2.2 SpaceMobilityandContextualization ................... 43 2.3 SmartMediaCommunicationMyths .......................... 46 2.3.1 SmartVersusHuman ................................. 46 2.3.2 ReasonVersusEmotion ............................... 48 2.3.3 VirtualVersusReal ................................... 50 2.3.4 TechnologyEvolutionVersusMorality .................. 52 2.4 NewProspectsofSmartMediaCommunication ................ 54 3 VR—TheVanguardofSmartMediaCommunication .............. 57 3.1 Concept,FeaturesandHistoricalOriginofVR .................. 57 3.1.1 ConceptofVR ...................................... 57 3.1.2 HistoricalOriginofVR ............................... 58 3.1.3 FeaturesofVR ...................................... 60 v vi Contents 3.2 Practical Application and Characteristics of Immersive Communication ............................................ 61 3.2.1 VR+SmartLife .................................... 62 3.2.2 VR+Fashion ....................................... 64 3.2.3 VR+FutureImages ................................. 65 4 Intelligent News—The Backbone of Smart Media Communication ................................................ 69 4.1 IntelligentTrendsintheNewsIndustry ........................ 69 4.2 ChangesinNewsBroughtbySmartTechnology ................ 71 4.2.1 SmartNewsAggregation .............................. 71 4.2.2 SmartNewsProduction ............................... 73 4.2.3 SmartNewsDistribution .............................. 75 4.2.4 SmartNewsConsumption ............................. 77 4.3 ReflectionsProspectsofSmartNews .......................... 80 5 SocialNetwork—TheCoreofSmartMediaCommunication ....... 83 5.1 EntertheEraofSocialIntelligence ........................... 83 5.1.1 FromPublicSocietytoPrivateSociety .................. 83 5.1.2 FromSixDegreesofSeparationtoSmartSociety ......... 85 5.1.3 FromInterpersonalInteractiontoHuman–Machine Interaction .......................................... 88 5.2 UbiquitousSmartCommunities .............................. 91 5.2.1 VoicesasaSmartGateway ............................ 91 5.2.2 UbiquitousSmartConnection .......................... 92 5.2.3 BewareofSocialBots ................................ 94 5.3 NewSocialNetworkEcosystemintheSmartEra ............... 97 6 PlatformSociety—TheTrendofSmartMediaCommunication ..... 101 6.1 NewSmartMechanismofPlatformSociety .................... 101 6.1.1 Datafication ......................................... 101 6.1.2 Commercialization ................................... 104 6.1.3 Selection ........................................... 106 6.2 SmartPlatformEcosystemApplications ....................... 108 6.2.1 SmartyCityandCityImageCommunication ............. 108 6.2.2 SmartHealthcareandHealthCommunication ............ 111 6.2.3 SmartEducationandEducationCommunication .......... 113 6.3 TheAdventofSmartSociety ................................. 115 7 ThePushby5G ................................................ 119 7.1 DisruptiveCommunicationinthe5GEra ...................... 119 7.1.1 FromFullSpaceandTimetoFullMedia ................ 119 7.1.2 FromFullConnectiontoAllPersonalMedia ............. 122 7.1.3 FromFull-FeatureCommunicationtoFull-Effect Media .............................................. 124 Contents vii 7.2 Financial Media Development in the Context of 5G Intelligence ................................................ 127 7.2.1 RefactoringtheInformationSystem .................... 127 7.2.2 ReconstructingtheUserPlatform ...................... 130 7.2.3 ReshapingtheMediaIndustry ......................... 133 8 ReflectionandFutureofSmartMediaCommunication ............ 137 8.1 TheFutureofSmartMediaEra ............................... 137 8.2 AVisionof5GIntelligentMediaCommunication ............... 139 References ........................................................ 143 Chapter 1 Media’s Role in the AI Era? 1.1 HistoryofHumanCommunication 1.1.1 ChangesinMediaOvertheYears From time immemorial, communication, especially an effective one, has always been the basic pursuit of human activities. However, the “helplessness of commu- nication”thatfrequentlyarisesinreallifeisinevitable,suchasmeaningsnotbeing understood,feedbackbeingignored,thespreadandinterferenceofrumours,thelack ofinformationandknowledgeandthedeprivationoftherighttospeak.Suchimbal- ance in communication is even more pronounced during complex, volatile social communicationthattranscendstimeandspace.Meanwhile,newmediatechnology andapplicationcontinuetoincreasethespeedandscopeofinformationcommunica- tion,reception,transferandfeedback.Technologicaladvancementhasalsochanged mediauseandconsumerbehaviour,whichtriggeredthetransitionoftheaudience’s cognitivestructure.Inaddition,theinteractiveinfluencebetweendiverseindividual psychologicalfactors,complexsocialstructureandeconomic,culturalandpolitical fieldshascreatedanovelanduniquemediaenvironment. However, technological inventions did not appear out of thin air or happen overnight.Duringthelongprocessofdevelopmentofhumancommunication,tech- nology,cultureandsocietyinterweavedandinteractedtoproducemediaformsthat belongedexclusivelytothattimeandspace.Hence,weusuallypresenttheknowl- edgeofhumancommunicationstudiesfocusingonthehistoricalperiodswithmajor changes in the forms and features of media technology. Each revolutionary wave that caused tremendous changes in the history of human communication was an effectofmediatechnology.Afterthemodernindustrialrevolutioninparticular,the significance of technology has prompted increasing reflection on modernity and postmodernityintheacademia. Friedrich Krotz believed mediatization was interconnected with globalization, individualizationandcommercialization,whichwereregardedasthemeta-process thataffectedthelong-termlivingenvironmentofhumanbeingsintermsofsociety, ©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020 1 P.Duanetal.,CommunicationofSmartMedia, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9464-9_1 2 1 Media’sRoleintheAIEra? culture,politicsanddemocracy.1 Mediatization,aregularexistence,isafrequently discussedtopicincommunicationstudies,suchastheroleitplaysindailylife,culture andsocialrituals,orfromtheperspectiveofthestagesofcommunicationhistory,how itshapesdifferentcommunicationsubjects,forms,modelsandresults.Fromancient media(mainlyverbalcommunication),writingculture,printingrevolution,imaging technology,radiobroadcasting,digitalmediaandtheInternettotheemergenceand developmentofartificialintelligence(AI)inrecentyears,thecourseofdevelopment showsthesignificanceandinfluenceofinteractionbetweenmediaandtechnology duringacertainhistorical,culturalandsocialprocesses. The countless processes of information flow of every scale throughout history constitutetheentireprocessofdevelopmentofhumancommunication,whichisin facttheevolutionaryhistoryofmediaandtechnology.Theexaminationofthehistory of human communication from the perspective of media changes may roughly be divided into four continuous stages, namely verbal communication, handwriting, printingcommunicationandelectroniccommunication.Despitehavingfoursucces- sivestages,nodistinctdividinglineisfoundbetweeneach–infact,theycomplement eachotherandoverlap.Asitinspireschangesinthemeansofhumancognition,the alternatingevolutionbetweencommunicationforms,spatialconceptsandcommu- nicationeffectsasbroughtaboutbydifferentmediaisreshapingthedetailsofhuman lifeandtheoverallchangesofsocialreality. Verbal communication, also known as spoken-language communication or oral communication, refers to a communication means whereby a communicator (a speaker) communicates and conveys information to a recipient (a listener) by producingsoundsthroughtheoralcavityassistedbytheuseofspecificwordsand phrases, grammatical structures and non-linguistic signs. It is widely known that during the long history of human evolution, human beings have gotten ahead of other mammals and learnt to use tools and built society using languages. Human beingsmasteredthetoolsoflanguageandcreateda“semanticworld”thatnoother ordinaryanimalshave.Hans-GeorgGadamer,aGermanphilosopher,believedthat languageitselfwasaworldview.Itmaybesaidthathumanbeingscreatedaworld becauseoflanguage,whichgaverisetotheirrelationshipswiththeworldandthat inturnproducedauniqueattitudetowardsit(Fig.1.1).2 Language is a form of meaning and a vessel of information; its production is closelyconnectedtohumanbeings’needstocommunicationinformation.AsMarx remarked, language was initially born of the urgent needs to communicate with others.3Inaprimitivesociety,humanproductionwaslow,andtheabilityofindivid- ualstosurvivenaturaldisasterswasalmostnon-existent.Verbalcommunicationas aprimarymeansofcommunicationandcontactallowedindividualhumanbeingsto cometogetherandformastronger,collaboratingtribeandcommunity.Inahistor- icalcontextwiththeappropriateconditions,verbalcommunicationstrengthenedthe cohesivenessofsocietymembers,andextendedtheattributeofsocialsynergyupon 1Krotz(2007). 2Ashfordetal.(2005). 3MarxandEngels(1995). 1.1 HistoryofHumanCommunication 3 Fig.1.1 Hans-Georg Gadamer(1900–2002),a Germanhermeneutics scholar which human civilization depends. In such sense, as the starting point to a critical stage in the history of human communication, the emergence of linguistic media trulyunveiledthecivilizationofhumancommunication. Intermsofhumancommunicationactivities,verbalcommunicationistheoldest, easiest and most basic form of communication. It is diverse and may be widely applied, whether it is whispering, words on the street, reciting and singing, orally passed-downfolksongs,preachingandlecturingoropengatherings.Verbalcommu- nicationexistsasdialoguesbetweentwoormorepeopleandderivesmeaningfromthe linguisticexchanges.Peoplemayelucidatethecommunicationusingnon-linguistics actionssuchaseyecontact,bodylanguage,facialexpressions,soundelementsand spatialdistance(Fig.1.2). However, the limitations of verbal communication are plainly evident. Firstly, asameansandatoolofcommunication,languageisunabletofreeitselffromthe limitationsofthecommunicatorandrecipientandintersubjectivity.Secondly,verbal communicationisbettersuitedforthecommunicationofinformationinaconfined spaceandhasarelativelysmallcommunicationrangewithoutmediaassistance.In addition, verbal signs are transient and harder to preserve. The limitations stated above also means verbal communication has a smaller informational load, lower contentaccuracyandgreatertemporalandspatiallimitations.Associetyandcivi- lizationcontinuouslyprogressed,humanbeingssearchedtirelesslyfortoolssuchas drums, fires, knots and flags to convey and preserve information. Meanwhile, the languagemechanismwasmaturing,butthemonotonousverbalcommunicationhad yet to satisfy the development needs of individuals and society (Figs. 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5). Ifthebirthoflanguagetransformedourancestorsfromanimalstohumanbeings, thentheinventionofwritingwasamilestonethatsawtheevolutionofaprimitive humansocietytocivilizationtensofthousandsofyearsafterthebirthoflanguage. During such communication, auditory signs are replaced by visual ones, which to a certain extent allows language to throw off its shackles and become relatively independentandtangible.Iflanguageisadirectsignofthings,thenwordsarethe
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