Communication Networks: Fundamental Concepts and Key Architectures

932 Pages·2003·6.99 MB·English

by  Alberto Leon Garcia and Indra Widjaja

Communication Networks
McGraw-HillSeriesinComputerScience
SENIORCONSULTINGEDITOR
C.L.Liu,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign
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AllenB.Tucker,BowdoinCollege
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Communication Networks
Fundamental Concepts and Key Architectures
SECOND EDITION
Alberto Leon-Garcia
Universityof Toronto
Indra Widjaja
COMMUNICATIONNETWORKS:FUNDAMENTALCONCEPTSANDKEYARCHITECTURES
SECONDEDITION
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Leon-Garcia,Alberto.
Communicationnetworks:fundamentalconceptsandkeyarchitectures/AlbertoLeon-Garcia,IndraWidjaja.—2nded.
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ISBN0–07–246352–X—ISBN0–07–119848–2(ISE)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xvii
AbouttheAuthors xxvii
1 CommunicationNetworksandServices 1
1.1 EvolutionofNetworkArchitectureandServices 2
1.1.1 TelegraphNetworksandMessageSwitching 2
1.1.2 TelephoneNetworksandCircuitSwitching 5
1.1.3 TheInternet,ComputerNetworks,andPacketSwitching 9
1.2 FutureNetworkArchitecturesandTheirServices 22
1.3 KeyFactorsinCommunicationNetworkEvolution 24
1.3.1 Roleof Technology 25
1.3.2 Roleof Regulation 27
1.3.3 Roleof theMarket 28
1.3.4 Roleof Standards 28
ChecklistofImportantTerms 29
FurtherReading 30
Problems 31
2 ApplicationsandLayeredArchitectures 34
2.1 ExamplesofProtocols,Services,andLayering 36
2.1.1 HTTP,DNS,andSMTP 36
2.1.2 TCPandUDPTransportLayerServices 42
2.2 TheOSIReferenceModel 43
2.2.1 TheSeven-LayerOSIReferenceModel 44
2.2.2 UnifiedViewofLayers,Protocols,andServices 48
2.3 OverviewofTCP/IPArchitecture 52
2.3.1 TCP/IPArchitecture 52
2.3.2 TCP/IPProtocol:HowtheLayersWorkTogether 55
2.3.3 ProtocolOverview 61
◆2.4 TheBerkeleyAPI 62
2.4.1 SocketSystemCalls 64
2.4.2 NetworkUtilityFunctions 68
◆2.5 ApplicationLayerProtocolsandTCP/IPUtilities 77
2.5.1 Telnet 78
2.5.2 FileTransferProtocol 78
2.5.3 HypertextTransferProtocolandtheWorldWideWeb 82
2.5.4 IPUtilities 86
2.5.5 TcpdumpandNetworkProtocolAnalyzers 89
Summary 90
ChecklistofImportantTerms 91
FurtherReading 91
Problems 92
vii
viii TableofContents
3 DigitalTransmissionFundamentals 99
3.1 DigitalRepresentationofInformation 100
3.1.1 Block-OrientedInformation 101
3.1.2 StreamInformation 103
3.2 WhyDigitalCommunications? 107
3.2.1 ComparisonofAnalogandDigitalTransmission 107
3.2.2 BasicPropertiesofDigitalTransmissionSystems 110
3.3 DigitalRepresentationofAnalogSignals 114
3.3.1 BandwidthofAnalogSignals 115
3.3.2 SamplingofanAnalogSignal 118
3.3.3 DigitalTransmissionofAnalogSignals 119
◆3.3.4 SNRPerformanceofQuantizers 123
3.4 CharacterizationofCommunicationChannels 124
3.4.1 FrequencyDomainCharacterization 124
3.4.2 TimeDomainCharacterization 128
3.5 FundamentalLimitsinDigitalTransmission 130
3.5.1 TheNyquistSignalingRate 130
3.5.2 TheShannonChannelCapacity 132
3.6 LineCoding 135
3.7 ModemsandDigitalModulation 138
3.7.1 BinaryPhaseModulation 140
3.7.2 QAMandSignalConstellations 141
3.7.3 TelephoneModemStandards 144
3.8 PropertiesofMediaandDigitalTransmissionSystems 146
3.8.1 TwistedPair 148
3.8.2 CoaxialCable 152
3.8.3 OpticalFiber 156
3.8.4 RadioTransmission 162
3.8.5 InfraredLight 166
3.9 ErrorDetectionandCorrection 166
3.9.1 ErrorDetection 167
3.9.2 Two-DimensionalParityChecks 171
3.9.3 InternetChecksum 172
3.9.4 PolynomialCodes 173
3.9.5 StandardizedPolynomialCodes 177
3.9.6 Error-DetectingCapabilityofaPolynomialCode 178
◆3.9.7 LinearCodes 180
◆3.9.8 ErrorCorrection 186
Summary 190
ChecklistofImportantTerms 191
FurtherReading 192
Problems 192
Appendix3A:AsynchronousDataTransmission 201
Appendix3B:FourierSeries 203
Appendix3C:SamplingTheorem 204
TableofContents ix
4 Circuit-SwitchingNetworks 206
4.1 Multiplexing 207
4.1.1 Frequency-DivisionMultiplexing 208
4.1.2 Time-DivisionMultiplexing 209
4.1.3 Wavelength-DivisionMultiplexing 212
4.2 SONET 213
4.2.1 SONETMultiplexing 214
4.2.2 SONETFrameStructure 216
4.3 TransportNetworks 221
4.3.1 SONETNetworks 222
4.3.2 OpticalTransportNetworks 231
4.4 CircuitSwitches 234
4.4.1 Space-DivisionSwitches 235
4.4.2 Time-DivisionSwitches 238
4.5 TheTelephoneNetwork 242
4.5.1 TransmissionFacilities 245
4.5.2 End-to-EndDigitalServices 248
4.6 Signaling 250
4.6.1 SignalingintheTelephoneNetwork 250
4.6.2 SignalingSystem#7Architecture 253
◆4.7 TrafficandOverloadControlinTelephone
Networks 255
4.7.1 Concentration 256
4.7.2 RoutingControl 259
4.7.3 OverloadControls 261
4.8 CellularTelephoneNetworks 263
Summary 270
ChecklistofImportantTerms 270
FurtherReading 271
Problems 272
5 Peer-to-PeerProtocolsandDataLinkLayer 282
PartI: Peer-to-PeerProtocols 283
5.1 Peer-to-PeerProtocolsandServiceModels 284
5.1.1 ServiceModels 284
5.1.2 ExamplesofServices 286
5.1.3 EndtoEndversusHopbyHop 288
5.2 ARQProtocolsandReliableDataTransferService 291
5.2.1 Stop-and-WaitARQ 293
5.2.2 Go-Back-NARQ 300
5.2.3 SelectiveRepeatARQ 309
5.3 OtherPeer-to-PeerProtocols 315
5.3.1 Sliding-WindowFlowControl 315
5.3.2 TimingRecoveryforSynchronousServices 317
5.3.3 TCPReliableStreamServiceandFlowControl 320
x TableofContents
PartII: DataLinkControls 324
5.4 Framing 325
5.5 Point-to-PointProtocol 329
5.6 HDLCDataLinkControl 333
5.6.1 DataLinkServices 333
5.6.2 HDLCConfigurationsandTransferModes 335
5.6.3 HDLCFrameFormat 335
5.6.4 TypicalFrameExchanges 337
◆5.7 LinkSharingUsingPacketMultiplexers 340
5.7.1 StatisticalMultiplexing 340
5.7.2 SpeechInterpolationandtheMultiplexing
ofPacketizedSpeech 348
Summary 352
ChecklistofImportantTerms 353
FurtherReading 354
Problems 354
Appendix5A:DerivationofEfficiencyofARQProtocols 365
6 MediumAccessControlProtocolsandLocal
AreaNetworks 368
PartI: MediumAccessControlProtocols 370
6.1 MultipleAccessCommunications 370
6.2 RandomAccess 377
6.2.1 ALOHA 378
6.2.2 SlottedALOHA 380
6.2.3 CarrierSenseMultipleAccess 381
6.2.4 CarrierSenseMultipleAccesswithCollisionDetection 384
6.3 SchedulingApproachestoMediumAccessControl 387
6.3.1 ReservationSystems 388
6.3.2 Polling 390
6.3.3 Token-PassingRings 393
6.3.4 ComparisonofSchedulingApproachesinMedium
AccessControl 396
6.3.5 ComparisonofRandomAccessandScheduling
MediumAccessControls 397
◆6.4 Channelization 398
6.4.1 FDMA 399
6.4.2 TDMA 400
6.4.3 CDMA 401
6.4.4 ChannelizationinTelephoneCellularNetworks 408
◆6.5 DelayPerformanceofMACandChannelizationSchemes 415
6.5.1 PerformanceofChannelizationTechniques
withBurstyTraffic 416
6.5.2 PerformanceofPollingandTokenRingSystems 418
6.5.3 RandomAccessandCSMA-CD 421