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v FORENSICS & CRIMINAL JUSTICE P a l m i o t Combating HumanTrafficking to A Multidisciplinary Approach A centuries-old crime, human trafficking occurs not only in undeveloped countries, but also in some surprising locations. Right here in the United States, individuals are recruited, transported, and held by unlawful means—either through deception or under C threat of violence. Approaching the topic from a law enforcement perspective, Combating o Human Trafficking: A Multidisciplinary Approach provides an unprecedented look at the m investigation of this phenomenon in America. b Beginning with historical, sociological, and psychological perspectives, the book discusses how authorities can best conduct an investigation of trafficking. It reviews federal agencies a t responsible for confronting the problem, examines relevant laws and legal trends, and i discusses law enforcement awareness and training. Individual chapters written by experts in n law enforcement explore a host of topics, including g • Border issues between Mexico and the U.S., including the trafficking of people, H Combating drugs, and firearms u • The role of the Internet in human trafficking m • Child victim recruitment into sex trafficking a Human n • How sexually oriented businesses such as escort services, hostess bars, T and massage parlors can be fronts for sex trafficking r • The prevalence of human trafficking among street gangs a Traff ick ing f • Forced labor aspects, especially with respect to illegal immigrants f i c • How victims are chosen k • Theoretical, practical, and ethical considerations in providing effective i n services to victims A Multidisciplinary Approach g An ideal resource for police investigators, police training, and community outreach organizations, the book is also suitable as a college text for criminal justice courses. It is hoped that the awareness created through this text will provide the knowledge and tools needed to help to end this form of modern-day slavery. Edited by K23320 Michael J. Palmiotto 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 an informa business 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK www.crcpress.com K23320_cover.indd 1 10/7/14 11:57 AM Combating Human Traffick ing A Multidisciplinary Approach Combating Human Traff ick ing A Multidisciplinary Approach Edited by Michael J. Palmiotto Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140915 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-4040-5 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor- age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface vii About the Editor xiii Contributors xv Introduction: Human Trafficking—Modern Slavery xvii MICHAEL J. PALMIOTTO 1 Human Trafficking and the History of Slavery in America 1 CALEB L. SEIBEL 2 Borderland: The Challenge of Cross- Border Trafficking of People, Drugs, and Guns between Mexico and the United States 11 LAURENCE ARMAND FRENCH 3 Sociology of Human Trafficking 27 CHRISTOPHER J. MOLONEY 4 Psychology of Human Trafficking 47 JODIE G. BEESON 5 Human Trafficking and the Internet 61 SZDE YU 6 Child Victim Recruitment: Comparisons and Contrast in Domestic and International Child Victim Recruitment 75 RYAN J. ALEXANDER 7 Investigation of Human Trafficking 91 BRIAN F. KINGSHOTT v vi Contents 8 What Does Human Trafficking Look Like in the Midwest? It Can’t Happen Here? 119 JEFFREY W. WEIBLE 9 Sex Trafficking in Sexually Oriented Businesses 129 D. G. OBLINGER 10 Street Gangs and Human Trafficking 149 JOSEPH STEARNS 11 Forced Labor in the United States 157 MICHAEL J. PALMIOTTO 12 Federal Law Enforcement and Human Trafficking 175 JEFF BUMGARNER 13 Law Enforcement Awareness and Training in Human Trafficking 193 VLADIMIR A. SERGEVNIN 14 Not in Our City 219 STACIE DONALDSON 15 Providing Effective Services to Victims of Human Trafficking: Theoretical, Practical, and Ethical Considerations 231 DORTHY STUCKY HALLEY, SHARON L. SULLIVAN, AND JENNIFER RAPP 16 Human Trafficking Laws and Legal Trends 257 ALISON MCKENNEY BROWN Conclusion 279 Preface This book on human trafficking fills a void on a major social, criminal, and human rights issue affecting the world in the first decades of the twenty- first century. Unlike most books that deal with international human trafficking and women and child abuse, Combating Human Trafficking: A Multidisciplinary Approach provides a broader perspective than current books on the market dealing with the subject of human traffic. Human trafficking must be considered the most heinous crime against humanity in a world considered to have the most technologically advanced civilizations. The offense of human trafficking must be considered the twenty- first century form of slavery. Slavery as a major form of violation against fel- low human beings can be traced to ancient times. This inhumane form of slavery has continued through the centuries to this day. It is occurring in developed countries as well as undeveloped countries. Slavery is simply the buying and selling of human beings for an economic profit without any con- cern for the person being sold. Trafficking of people today includes the recruitment, transportation, and holding of individuals by unlawful means, which may include physical violence and possible threat. The victims of trafficking have their freedom taken from them by the trafficker. The trafficker intends to hold the victim as a modern- day slave. In this regard modern trafficking is similar to traditional slavery. Both traditional slavery and human trafficking remove the freedom from their victims. The captive is completely at the controller’s mercy. Human trafficking is considered a serious problem not only in the world but for the United States as well. Because it is difficult to identify victims of human trafficking, the actual number of human trafficking victims is unknown. Victims of human trafficking will not come forward even when hospitalized. They are fearful of their offenders and often consider them to be their protectors from government. One of the major issues in human trafficking is the lack of understanding regarding the seriousness and size of problem. As long as public and governmental agencies remain unaware of the seriousness of the problem, the more difficult it will be to get human trafficking under control. For the United States, human trafficking has become a national problem and police departments are assigning investigators to investigate this spe- cific crime. For example, Wichita State University and the U.S. Attorney Office vii viii Preface for the District of Kansas along with the Kansas Attorney General’s Office are collaborating on training police officers. Federal agencies and state agencies with local police are creating task forces to combat the growth of human trafficking. Contributors to this book include former and current law enforcement practitioners, community organizers, and academic professors from several universities. This book has taken a multidisciplinary approach to provide a better understanding of what human trafficking is from a variety of perspectives. A human trafficking book with specialists from different disciplines can shed light on the human trafficking problem rather than receiving the information from a specialist from one discipline. Combating Human Trafficking: A Multidisciplinary Approach has 16 chapters from either different disciplines or from different positions dealing specifically with human trafficking. The introduction, “Human Trafficking—Modern Slavery,” provides an overview of human trafficking as it exists in the world today and introduces the topic of human trafficking. Ancient slavery is reviewed as well as how human trafficking can be considered modern slavery. Modern slavery as human trafficking exists in the United States as sex slavery and forced labor. Chapter 1, by Caleb L. Seibel, focuses on the precursors of human trafficking, specifically slavery as it has existed in the United States. This chapter emphasizes society’s opinions and understanding on the institution of slavery and how society’s perceptions of historical forms of exploiting guide the nation’s current approach to human trafficking. Laurence Armand French’s chapter, “Borderland: The Challenge of Cross- Border Trafficking of People, Drugs, and Guns between Mexico and the United States,” provides insight on how these three issues are interre- lated. Chapter 2 reviews the historical, geopolitical, and cultural analysis of the “borderland” region between Mexico and the United States in relation to current border issues including illicit trafficking of people, drugs, and firearms (Operation Fast and Furious). The chapter includes the role of Mexico in trafficking through both its southern and northern borders and how Mexico gained prominence in the “War on Drugs” at the expense of the successes of United States interventions in Colombia. Particular focus is on the exploita- tion of people, notably women, attempting to get to the United States to work at the border factories in Mexico. The third chapter, by Christopher J. Moloney, deals with human trafficking from a sociological perspective. This chapter, “Sociology of Human Trafficking,” recognizes that human trafficking is a global problem that transcends national borders. Whereas the global scale of human trafficking ensures that it occurs in various forms, it is still possible to discern distinct racial, ethnic, gendered, class, and cultural elements and patterns of the problem. Utilizing a sociological perspective, this chapter describes and ana- lyzes these patterned aspects of human trafficking. In the concluding section