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Color appearance models PDF

409 Pages·2005·4.03 MB·English
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Color Appearance Models Second Edition Mark D. Fairchild Munsell Color Science Laboratory Rochester Institute of Technology, USA Color Appearance Models Wiley–IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technology Series Editor: Michael A. Kriss Formerly of the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratories and the University of Rochester The Reproduction of Colour (6thEdition) R. W. G. Hunt Color Appearance Models (2ndEdition) Mark D. Fairchild Published in Association with the Society for Imaging Science and Technology Color Appearance Models Second Edition Mark D. Fairchild Munsell Color Science Laboratory Rochester Institute of Technology, USA Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 This book was previously publisher by Pearson Education, Inc Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to [email protected], or faxed to (+44) 1243 770571. This publication is designed to offer Authors the opportunity to publish accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. Neither the Publisher nor the Society for Imaging Science and Technology is engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-470-01216-1 Typeset in 10/12pt Bookman by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound by Grafos S. A., Barcelona, Spain This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. To those that don’t let me forget to be the ball, Lisa, Acadia, Elizabeth, Sierra, and Cirrus How much of beauty — of color as well as form — on which our eyes daily rest goes unperceived by us? Henry David Thoreau Contents Series Preface xiii Preface xv Introduction xix 1 Human Color Vision 1 1.1 Optics of the Eye 1 1.2 The Retina 6 1.3 Visual Signal Processing 12 1.4 Mechanisms of Color Vision 17 1.5 Spatial and Temporal Properties of Color Vision 26 1.6 Color Vision Deficiencies 30 1.7 Key Features for Color Appearance Modeling 34 2 Psychophysics 35 2.1 Psychophysics Defined 36 2.2 Historical Context 37 2.3 Hierarchy of Scales 40 2.4 Threshold Techniques 42 2.5 Matching Techniques 45 2.6 One-Dimensional Scaling 46 2.7 Multidimensional Scaling 49 2.8 Design of Psychophysical Experiments 50 2.9 Importance in Color Appearance Modeling 52 3 Colorimetry 53 3.1 Basic and Advanced Colorimetry 53 3.2 Why is Color? 54 3.3 Light Sources and Illuminants 55 3.4 Colored Materials 59 3.5 The Human Visual Response 66 3.6 Tristimulus Values and Color Matching Functions 70 3.7 Chromaticity Diagrams 77 3.8 CIE Color Spaces 78 3.9 Color Difference Specification 80 3.10 The Next Step 82 viii CONTENTS 4 Color Appearance Terminology 83 4.1 Importance of Definitions 83 4.2 Color 84 4.3 Hue 85 4.4 Brightness and Lightness 86 4.5 Colorfulness and Chroma 87 4.6 Saturation 88 4.7 Unrelated and Related Colors 88 4.8 Definitions in Equations 90 4.9 Brightness–Colorfulness vs Lightness–Chroma 91 5 Color Order Systems 94 5.1 Overview and Requirements 94 5.2 The Munsell Book of Color 96 5.3 The Swedish Natural Color System (NCS) 99 5.4 The Colorcurve System 102 5.5 Other Color Order Systems 103 5.6 Uses of Color Order Systems 106 5.7 Color Naming Systems 109 6 Color Appearance Phenomena 111 6.1 What Are Color Appearance Phenomena? 111 6.2 Simultaneous Contrast, Crispening, and Spreading 113 6.3 Bezold–Brücke Hue Shift (Hue Changes with Luminance) 116 6.4 Abney Effect (Hue Changes with Colorimetric Purity) 117 6.5 Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect (Brightness Depends on Luminance and Chromaticity) 119 6.6 Hunt Effect (Colorfulness Increases with Luminance) 120 6.7 Stevens Effect (Contrast Increases with Luminance) 122 6.8 Helson–Judd Effect (Hue of Nonselective Samples) 123 6.9 Bartleson–Breneman Equations (Image Contrast Changes with Surround) 125 6.10 Discounting the Illuminant 127 6.11 Other Context and Structural Effects 127 6.12 Color Constancy? 132 7 Viewing Conditions 134 7.1 Configuration of the Viewing Field 134 7.2 Colorimetric Specification of the Viewing Field 138 7.3 Modes of Viewing 141 7.4 Unrelated and Related Colors Revisited 144 8 Chromatic Adaptation 146 8.1 Light, Dark, and Chromatic Adaptation 147 8.2 Physiology 149 8.3 Sensory and Cognitive Mechanisms 157

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There is an ever-increasing demand for a standard way to transport colours among devices on the Internet, and for achieving colour fidelity across digital media. The rapid growth in colour imaging technology has led to the emergence of colour management systems. These systems require colour appearan
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