Colloidal Dispersions and Micellar Behavior

361 Pages·1975·6.34 MB·English

by  K. L. Mittal (Eds.)

Colloidal Dispersions and Micellar
Behavior
In Colloidal Dispersions and Micellar Behavior; Mittal, K.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
In Colloidal Dispersions and Micellar Behavior; Mittal, K.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
Colloidal Dispersions and Micellar
Behavior
K. L. Mittal, Editor
Papers from a symposium honoring
Robert D. Vold and Marjorie J. Vold
sponsored by the Division of
Colloid and Surface Chemistry
at the 167th Meeting of the
American Chemical Society
Los Angeles, Calif.,
April 2-5, 1974.
9
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
WASHINGTON, D. C. 1975
In Colloidal Dispersions and Micellar Behavior; Mittal, K.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
Library of Congress Data
Colloidal dispersions and micellar behavior.
(ACS symposium series; no. 9)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Colloids—Congresses. 2. Micelles—Congresses.
I. Mittal, K. L., 1945- ed. II. American Chemical
Society. Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry. III.
Series: American Chemical Society. ACS symposium
series; no. 9.
QD549.C62 541'.3451 74-34072
ISBN 0-8412-0250-8 ACSMC8 9 1-353
Copyright © 1975
American Chemical Society
All Rights Reserved
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
In Colloidal Dispersions and Micellar Behavior; Mittal, K.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
ACS Symposium Series
Robert F. Gould, Series Editor
In Colloidal Dispersions and Micellar Behavior; Mittal, K.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
FOREWORD
The ACS SYMPOSIU
a medium for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The
format of the SERIES parallels that of its predecessor, ADVANCES
IN CHEMISTRY SERIES, except that in order to save time the
papers are not typeset but are reproduced as they are sub­
mitted by the authors in camera-ready form. As a further
means of saving time, the papers are not edited or reviewed
except by the symposium chairman, who becomes editor of
the book. Papers published in the ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES
are original contributions not published elsewhere in whole or
major part and include reports of research as well as reviews
since symposia may embrace both types of presentation.
In Colloidal Dispersions and Micellar Behavior; Mittal, K.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
PREFACE
"professors R. D. Void and M. J. Void retired in June 1974 after more
-*· than 30 yrs at the University of Southern California. The annual
meeting of the American Chemical Society in April in near-by Los Angeles
provided an ideal opportunity to pay tribute to these two outstanding
workers in colloid science by holding a symposium in their honor.
When the idea for this symposium was broached to me, I accepted
it without hesitation as I knew of their global popularity and knew that
such an event would elici
former students and fellow colloid scientists. The response exceeded all
expectations as 57 papers covering a wide variety of interfacial and col­
loidal phenomena by 98 authors from 14 countries were included in the
program, and two papers were considered later on. Such overwhelming
response certainly testifies to their popularity as well as versatility in this
research field. In fact, this symposium turned out to be the second largest
one at the meeting. In consideration of the contents of this symposium,
it might be more appropriate to name it the International Symposium on
Interfacial and Colloidal Phenomena Honoring Professors R. D. and
M. J. Void.
This volume of 24 papers chronicles part of the proceedings of this
symposium. The other part is contained in a companion volume of 20
papers entitled "Adsorption at Interfaces." The papers in this volume
deal with the formation, stability, and other aspects of a variety of col­
loidal dispersions and micelles in aqueous and nonaqueous media.
Colloid chemistry, more generally colloid science, has been aptly
described by the Voids in their book, "Colloid Chemistry" (Reinhold,
1964) as "the science of large molecules, small particles, and surfaces."
This description encompasses a variety of phenomena both in the animate
and inanimate world.
Colloid science has experienced fluctuations of popularity among
researchers. To some people, it is an academic stigma to study colloidal
systems as they think that only researchers with cloudy thinking can
engage in these cloudy systems. This reminds me of an anecdote which
happened in 1966. After finishing my M.Sc. hi India in 1966, I had de­
cided to join the University of Southern California to carry out my grad­
uate research in colloid chemistry. One day one of my professors asked
me what kind of graduate work I would do at U.S.C. I replied, "Colloid
ix
In Colloidal Dispersions and Micellar Behavior; Mittal, K.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
science." He looked at me as though I had said something unpalatable
and retorted, "Don't you have anything better to do?" Apparently, he
never bothered to probe into the beauty of the ubiquitous colloidal
systems.
Fortunately, the myths about colloid science are now being dispelled,
and the field has gained respectability both in industrial as well as aca­
demic circles. In the last decade, the researchers have increased the
interest in colloidal systems as is evidenced by the proliferation of journal
articles, books, and collective volume series, and all available signals
indicate that this trend will continue. With the advent of sophisticated
instrumentation and the development of quantitative theories of colloids,
much progress has been made in understanding colloidal systems. But
it is still a long way before the World of Neglected Dimensions is fully
understood.
The Voids have been active in a spectrum of research activities. He
made his research debut in the study of the solubility of organic com­
pounds in aqueous and nonaqueous media while she published her first
paper on the mechanism of substitution reactions. After this, Robert
worked in industry where he became acutely aware of the inadequacies
of the theories of simple systems to practical industrial problems and
decided to study the intricacies of colloidal systems. Subsequently, Mar-
jorie became very interested in studying colloids. They actively pursued
the phase rule studies of association colloids (soaps, greases, etc.) in
aqueous and nonaqueous media employing surface chemical, electron
microscopic, x-ray diffraction, and thermal analytical (DTA) techniques;
adsorption at various interfaces; stability of colloidal dispersions; and
calculation of van der Waals forces. More recently, their research inter­
ests have included understanding of the factors influencing emulsion
stability using ultracentrifuge; use of computer in floe formation and cal­
culation of the dimensions of coiling type polymers; dispersions of carbon
black; phase behavior of lithium stéarate greases; theories of colloidal
stability in nonaqueous media; and the hydration of biopolymers like
DNA.
Obviously, the Voids' research activities have run the gamut from
less glamorous colloidal systems like greases to the more fashionable bio­
polymers. Their work on the phase behavior and properties of non­
aqueous soap systems had a significant impact in the petroleum industry
(cf. NLGI Spokesman 18, 168 (1964)). Their research investigations
have culminated in 136 scientific and technical publications. They have
also written the book mentioned above. This small paperback is an ex­
tremely good exposition of the principles and the methods of study of
χ
In Colloidal Dispersions and Micellar Behavior; Mittal, K.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
colloidal systems. Owing to its popularity and utility it has been trans­
lated into Japanese.
Apart from their research contributions the Voids have rendered a
great service to colloid science by popularizing it on a global basis, and
they were very instrumental, along with Professors Adamson, Mysels, and
Simha, in establishing an internationally acclaimed center for surface
and colloid chemistry in the Chemistry Department at the University of
Southern California. Robert Void organized the Summer Conferences on
Colloid Chemistry (1961-1964) at U.S.C. sponsored by the National
Science Foundation.
The Voids are very meticulous researchers and highly stimulating
teachers. I have found them very adept at inculcating good research
habits in the minds of neophytes in research. No student can get away
with sloppy record keeping. Furthermore, they know how to bring out
the best in a student.
Robert D. Void received his A.B. and M.S. degrees at the University
of Nebraska in 1931 and 1932, respectively, and Ph.D. degree from the
University of California at Berkeley in 1935. During 1935-1937 he was
a research chemist with Proctor and Gamble in Cincinnati. He was a
postdoctoral fellow with Professor J. W. McBain at Stanford University
from 1937 to 1941. Since 1941 he has been engaged in teaching and re­
search at the University of Southern California. In 1953-1954 he held
a Fulbright Senior Research Fellowship with Professor Overbeek at the
University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. In 1955-1957 he served as Visit­
ing Professor of Physical Chemistry at the Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore, India, where he introduced new fields of research and helped
to establish a Ph.D. program. In 1965 he served as a consultant for the
Summer Institute at Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India, which is de­
signed to improve the teaching of chemistry in Indian colleges. He was
a member of the advisory board of the Journal of Colloid Science from
its inception in 1946 until 1960.
Among the various offices he has held in National Associations in­
clude Chairman, Southern California Section, ACS, 1967; Committee on
Colloid and Surface Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences,
1964-1967; Chairman, California Association of Chemistry Teachers, 1961;
National Colloid Symposium Committee, 1948-1953; and Chairman, Di­
vision of Colloid Chemistry, ACS, 1947-1948. He was awarded the
Tolman medal of the Southern California Section meeting of the American
Chemical Society for his research contributions and service to the
profession in 1970.
Marjorie J. Void received her B.S. in 1934 and Ph.D. in 1936 from
the University of California at Berkeley at the unusually young age of 23.
She was University Medallist (Class Valedictorian) at U.C. Berkeley.
xi
In Colloidal Dispersions and Micellar Behavior; Mittal, K.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.
After brief experience as a lecturer at the University of Cincinnati and
the University of Southern California, she was a research chemist with the
Union Oil Co. (1942-1946). Since then she has held various faculty
appointments in the Department of Chemistry of the University of South­
ern California, with the title of Adjunct Professor for the last 14 yrs. She
was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1953 which was taken at the
University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. From 1967 to 1970 she served
as a member of the Advisory Board of the Journal of Colloid and Interface
Science.
She was awarded the Garvan Medal of the American Chemical So­
ciety in 1967. Among many other awards and honors include Los Angeles
Times "Woman of the Year" 1966; National Lubricating Grease Institute
Authors Award for the "Best Paper" presented at the Annual Meeting
(in 1967), 1968; and she is listed among the 100 Outstanding Women of
the U.S. by the Women's
Void was struck with multiple sclerosis in the fall of 1958 and has been
confined to a wheel chair most of the time since 1960. In spite of her
poor health and this terrible handicap, she has shown admirable stamina
to deliver advanced colloid chemistry lectures continuously for two hours.
On November 19, 1967 an article entitled "Science: A Tie That
Binds" appeared in Los Angeles Herald Examiner which presented a few
glimpses of the scientific and social lives of the Voids. A special love
for science has been maintained in the Void clan for almost a century.
Individually speaking, the Voids are different in many respects. Mrs. Void
has put it succinctly, "Robert has a sound almost conservative judgment
while I tend to go off half-cocked. We complement each other in our
work and our lives."
Although the Voids are retiring from active duty, they have no inten­
tion of relinquishing their interest for colloid science—a discipline they
have cherished for about 40 yrs—as they plan to write a text book on
the subject.
May we join together on this occasion to wish them a very healthy
and enjoyable retirement in San Diego.
Acknowledgments: First, I am grateful to the Division of Colloid
and Surface Chemistry for sponsoring this event. I am greatly indebted
to the management of the IBM Corp., both at San Jose and at Pough-
keepsie, for permitting me to organize this symposium and edit the
volumes. Special thanks are due to my manager, E. L. Joba, for his
patience and understanding. The secretarial assistance of Carol Smith is
gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks are also due to M. J. Dvorocsik
and Elizabeth M. Ragnone for helping to prepare this volume for pub­
lication. The able guidance and ready and willing help of Paul Becher
xii
In Colloidal Dispersions and Micellar Behavior; Mittal, K.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1975.