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OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,3/2/2021,SPi Collective Memory in International Relations OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,3/2/2021,SPi OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,3/2/2021,SPi Collective Memory in International Relations KATHRIN BACHLEITNER 1 OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,11/2/2021,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©KathrinBachleitner2021 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2021 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2020949012 ISBN978–0–19–289536–3 DOI:10.1093/oso/9780192895363.001.0001 Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,3/2/2021,SPi ToJulia Alwaysinmymemory OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,3/2/2021,SPi OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,3/2/2021,SPi Acknowledgements This book has benefitted from the intellectual guidance of my teachers and mentors at the University of Oxford and beyond: Alexander Betts, Derek Penslar,PaulBetts,ToddH.Hall,andFrancisFukuyama. I am indebted to Brent Steele for his insights, conceptual inspiration, and truly generous review of the chapters. I equally want to thank those who criticallyreadpartsorthewholeofthisbook:DavidBatho,forhisphilosophical advice;CharlesLauderJr,forhisdevelopmentediting;andlastbutnotleast,my mother,GudrunHeld,forreading(andreallydoing)everythingforme. A big thank you also to my editor at OUP, Dominic Byatt, and the senior assistant commissioning editor Olivia Wells for having supported me throughout and for having made the text come together nicely into the final form of a book. I would like to acknowledge the IKEA Foundation for their generousfinancialsupportofmyresearchactivities;andmyfather,Reinhard Bachleitner,forofferingoneofhispaintingsasthisbook’scover. The end result of any monograph is different from what one sets out to achieve.Thefinalversionnecessarilyreflectsameresnapshotofamuchlarger universe of ideas that came to life during the long process of thinking and writing. Equally, out of a multitude of historical documents collected, and sourcesinvestigated,onlyatiny proportionmadeitintoprint. Still,Iremain indebted to the Austrian State Archives and the Bruno Kreisky Archive in Vienna for giving me access to their collections. Special thanks also to Chancellor Franz Vranitzky for allowing me, in an interview, to look back at his historical decision to admit co-responsibility on Austria’s part for the tragediesoftheHolocaust. Remembering—inthisbook—isviewedasapublicact,asapoliticalstrategy that begins to form a country’s collective identity, state behaviour, and national values. For me personally, remembering means a private space of recall and reliving the happy times Ispent with my twinsister Juliauntil she wastragicallykilledtenyearsago.Thisbookisdedicatedtohermemory. Oxford,July2020 OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,3/2/2021,SPi OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,3/2/2021,SPi Table of Contents ListofTablesandFigures x ListofAbbreviations xi Introduction: Collective Memory in International Relations 1 1. Temporal Security in IR: Combining Ontological Security with Collective Memory 12 2. Memory as Political Strategy 37 3. Memory as Public Identity 65 4. Memory as State Behaviour 87 5. Memory as National Values 120 Bibliography 149 Index 159