Cognitive Radio Technology

649 Pages·2006·7.346 MB·English

by  Bruce A. Fette, Bruce Fette

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Cognitive Radio Technology
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Cognitive Radio Technology
Edited by Bruce A. Fette
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
• NEWYORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SANDIEGO
• SANFRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cognitive radio technology / edited by Bruce A. Fette.—1st ed.
p. cm.—(Communications engineering series)
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-7952-7 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-7506-7952-2 (alk. paper)
1. Software radio. 2. Artificial intelligence. 3. Wireless communication systems. I. Fette, Bruce A.
II. Series.
TK5103.4875.C64 2006
621.384—dc22 2006016824
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 13: 978-0-7506-7952-7
ISBN 10: 0-7506-7952-2
For information on all Newnes publications visit our Web site at
www.books.elsevier.com
06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd, Chennai, India
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Printed in the United States of America
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Contents
List of Contributors .................................................................. xvii
Foreword.................................................................................. xxi
Chapter 1: History and Background of Cognitive Radio
Technology Bruce A. Fette....................................................... 1
1.1 The Vision of Cognitive Radio..............................................................1
1.2 History and Background Leading to Cognitive Radio..........................2
1.3 A Brief History of SDR........................................................................4
1.4 Basic SDR.............................................................................................8
1.4.1 The Hardware Architecture of an SDR..................................8
1.4.2 Computational Processing Resources in an SDR................11
1.4.3 The Software Architecture of an SDR.................................13
1.4.4 Java Reflection in a Cognitive Radio...................................15
1.4.5 Smart Antennas in a Cognitive Radio..................................15
1.5 Spectrum Management.......................................................................17
1.5.1 Managing Unlicensed Spectrum..........................................18
1.5.2 Noise Aggregation...............................................................19
1.5.3 Aggregating Spectrum Demand and Use
of Subleasing Methods.........................................................21
1.5.4 Priority Access.....................................................................22
1.6 US Government Roles in Cognitive Radio.........................................22
1.6.1 DARPA................................................................................22
1.6.2 FCC......................................................................................23
1.6.3 NSF/CSTB Study.................................................................23
1.7 How Smart Is Useful?.........................................................................24
1.8 Organization of this Book...................................................................25
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Contents
Chapter 2: Communications Policy and Spectrum
Management Paul Kolodzy .................................................. 29
2.1 Introduction.........................................................................................29
2.2 Cognitive Radio Technology Enablers................................................30
2.3 New Opportunities in Spectrum Access.............................................33
2.3.1 Current Spectrum Access Techniques.................................33
2.3.2 Opportunistic Spectrum Access...........................................39
2.3.3 Dynamic Frequency Selection.............................................42
2.4 Policy Challenges for Cognitive Radios.............................................42
2.4.1 Dynamic Spectrum Access..................................................43
2.4.2 Security................................................................................46
2.4.3 Communications Policy before Cognitive Radio.................48
2.4.4 Cognitive Radio Impact on Communications Policy...........49
2.4.5 US Telecommunications Policy, Beginning with
the Titanic.............................................................................49
2.4.6 US Telecommunications Policy: Keeping Pace
with Technology...................................................................51
2.5 Telecommunications Policy and Technology Impact
on Regulation......................................................................................53
2.5.1 Basic Geometries.................................................................53
2.5.2 Introduction of Dynamic Policies........................................56
2.5.3 Introduction of Policy-Enabled Devices..............................58
2.5.4 Interference Avoidance........................................................60
2.5.5 Overarching Impact.............................................................61
2.6 Global Policy Interest in Cognitive Radios.........................................61
2.6.1 Global Interest......................................................................62
2.6.2 US Reviews of Cognitive Radios for Dynamic
Spectrum Access..................................................................62
2.7 Summary.............................................................................................69
Chapter 3: The Software Defined Radio as a Platform
for Cognitive Radio Pablo Robert and Bruce A. Fette ................. 73
3.1 Introduction.........................................................................................73
3.2 Hardware Architecture........................................................................75
3.2.1 The Block Diagram..............................................................76
3.2.2 Baseband Processor Engines................................................82
3.2.3 Baseband Processing Deployment.......................................87
3.2.4 Multicore Systems and System-on-Chip.............................89
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Contents
3.3 Software Architecture.........................................................................90
3.3.1 Design Philosophies and Patterns........................................91
3.4 SDR Development and Design...........................................................94
3.4.1 GNURadio...........................................................................94
3.4.2 Software Communications Architecture..............................95
3.5 Applications......................................................................................108
3.5.1 Application Software.........................................................108
3.6 Development.....................................................................................111
3.6.1 Component Development..................................................112
3.6.2 Waveform Development....................................................113
3.7 Cognitive Waveform Development...................................................114
3.8 Summary...........................................................................................116
Chapter 4: Cognitive Radio: The Technologies
Required John Polson ....................................................... 119
4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................119
4.2 Radio Flexibility and Capability.......................................................120
4.2.1 Continuum of Radio Flexibility and Capability.................120
4.2.2 Examples of Software Capable Radios..............................121
4.2.3 Examples of Software Programmable Radios...................126
4.2.4 Examples of SDR...............................................................126
4.3 Aware, Adaptive, and CRs................................................................126
4.3.1 Aware Radios.....................................................................126
4.3.2 Adaptive Radios.................................................................131
4.3.3 Cognitive Radios................................................................132
4.4 Comparison of Radio Capabilities and Properties............................133
4.5 Available Technologies for CRs........................................................133
4.5.1 Geolocation........................................................................135
4.5.2 Spectrum Awareness/Frequency Occupancy.....................135
4.5.3 Biometrics..........................................................................136
4.5.4 Time...................................................................................136
4.5.5 Spatial Awareness or Situational Awareness.....................138
4.5.6 Software Technology.........................................................138
4.5.7 Spectrum Awareness and Potential for Sublease
or Borrow...........................................................................144
4.6 Funding and Research in CRs...........................................................144
4.6.1 Cognitive Geolocation Applications..................................146
4.6.2 Dynamic Spectrum Access and Spectrum Awareness......148
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4.6.3 The Rendezvous Problem..................................................153
4.6.4 CR Authentication Applications........................................155
4.7 Timeline for CRs...............................................................................156
4.7.1 Decisions, Directions, and Standards.................................157
4.7.2 Manufacture of New Products...........................................157
4.8 Summary and Conclusions................................................................158
Chapter 5: Spectrum Awareness Preston Marshall .................... 163
5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................163
5.2 The Interference Avoidance Problem..............................................164
5.3 Cognitive Radio Role......................................................................165
5.4 Spectral Footprint Minimization.....................................................166
5.5 Creating Spectrum Awareness.........................................................168
5.5.1 Spectrum Usage Reporting................................................168
5.5.2 Spectrum Sensing...............................................................169
5.5.3 Potential Interference Analysis..........................................170
5.5.4 Link Rendezvous...............................................................173
5.5.5 Distributed Sensing and Operation....................................173
5.6 Channel Awareness and Multiple Signals in Space........................174
5.7 Spectrally Aware Networking.........................................................176
5.8 Overlay and Underlay Techniques..................................................178
5.9 Adaptive Spectrum Implications for Cognitive
Radio Hardware...............................................................................180
5.10 Summary: The Cognitive Radio Toolkit.........................................182
Appendix: Propagation Energy Loss...............................................183
Chapter 6: Cognitive Policy Engines Robert J. Wellington ........... 185
6.1 The Promise of Policy Management for Radios...............................185
6.2 Background and Definitions..............................................................185
6.3 Spectrum Policy................................................................................187
6.3.1 Management of Spectrum Policy.......................................188
6.3.2 System Requirements for Spectrum Policy
Management.......................................................................189
6.4 Antecedents for Cognitive Policy Management................................189
6.4.1 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Policy Management Projects..............................................190
6.4.2 Academic Research in Policy Management......................191
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6.4.3 Commercial Applications of Policy Management.............194
6.4.4 Standardization Efforts for Policy Management................195
6.5 Policy Engine Architectures for Radio.............................................198
6.5.1 Concept for Policy Engine Operations..............................198
6.5.2 Technical Approaches for Policy Management.................200
6.5.3 Enabling Technologies.......................................................202
6.6 Integration of Policy Engines into Cognitive Radio.........................204
6.6.1 Software Communications Architecture Integration.........204
6.6.2 Policy Engine Design.........................................................206
6.6.3 Integration of the Radio into a Network Policy
Management Architecture..................................................209
6.7 The Future of Cognitive Policy Management...................................211
6.7.1 Military Opportunities for Cognitive Policy
Management.......................................................................211
6.7.2 Commercial Opportunities for Spectrum
Management.......................................................................212
6.7.3 Obstacles to Adoption of Policy Management
Architectures......................................................................213
6.8 Summary...........................................................................................214
Chapter 7: Cognitive Techniques: Physical and Link
Layers Thomas W. Rondeau and Charles W. Bostian ................ 219
7.1 Introduction.......................................................................................219
7.2 Optimizing PHY and Link Layers for Multiple-Objectives
Under Current Channel Conditions...................................................220
7.3 Defining the Cognitive Radio............................................................222
7.4 Developing Radio Controls (Knobs) and Performance
Measures (Meters).............................................................................223
7.4.1 PHY- and Link-Layer Parameters......................................223
7.4.2 Modeling Outcome as a Primary Objective.......................227
7.5 MODM Theory and Its Application to Cognitive Radio..................230
7.5.1 Definition of MODM and Its Basic Formulation...............230
7.5.2 Constraint Modeling..........................................................231
7.5.3 The Pareto-Optimal Front: Finding the Nondominated
Solutions............................................................................231
7.5.4 Why the Radio Environment Is a MODM Problem..........232
7.5.5 GA Approach to the MODM.............................................233
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