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Cognitive Radio Networks: Dynamic Resource Allocation Schemes PDF

109 Pages·2014·6.83 MB·English
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SpringerBriefs in Computer Science Series Editors Stan Zdonik Shashi Shekhar Jonathan Katz Xindong Wu Lakhmi C. Jain David Padua Xuemin (Sherman) Shen Borko Furht V.S. Subrahmanian Martial Hebert Katsushi Ikeuchi Bruno Siciliano Sushil Jajodia Newton Lee SpringerBriefs present concise summaries of cutting-edge research and practical applications across a wide spectrum of fields. Featuring compact volumes of 50 to 125 pages, the series covers a range of content from professional to academic. Typical topics might include: • A timely report of state-of-the art analytical techniques • A bridge between new research results, as published in journal articles, and a contextual literature review • A snapshot of a hot or emerging topic • An in-depth case study or clinical example • A presentation of core concepts that students must understand in order to make independent contributions Briefs allow authors to present their ideas and readers to absorb them with minimal time investment. Briefs will be published as part of Springer’s eBook collection, with millions of users worldwide. In addition, Briefs will be available for individual print and electronic purchase. Briefs are characterized by fast, global electronic dis- semination, standard publishing contracts, easy-to-use manuscript preparation and formatting guidelines, and expedited production schedules. We aim for publication 8–12 weeks after acceptance. Both solicited and unsolicited manuscripts are consid- ered for publication in this series. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10028 Shaowei Wang Cognitive Radio Networks Dynamic Resource Allocation Schemes 1 3 Shaowei Wang Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu China ISSN 2191-5768 ISSN 2191-5776 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-08935-5 ISBN 978-3-319-08936-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-08936-2 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014947334 © The Author(s) 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita- tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or infor- mation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar meth- odology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplica- tion of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publica- tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publica- tion, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To my parents, wife, daughters and sister, for always being there for me. Shaowei Wang v Preface The current static spectrum management policies have caused a severe dilemma of spectrum scarcity versus under-utilization. Accordingly, the emerging Cognitive Radio (CR) technology, which allows dynamic spectrum access, has been widely deemed as a promising candidate to improve the utilization of the precious natural resource-radio spectrum for the next generation of wireless communication. Given the space-time-frequency variation in wireless communication environment, dy- namic resource allocation severs as a pivotal issue to achieve the high performance of CR systems. This brief is intended to provide a summary survey of different dynamic resource allocation schemes in CR systems, with focuses on, particularly, the spectral-effi- ciency and energy-efficiency in wireless communication networks. With a summary introduction of the landscape of CR technology, we detail the dynamic resource allocation problem for its motivation and challenges in CR systems. In terms of preferences, the network operator may be inclined more toward Spectral-Efficien- cy (SE) or Energy-Efficiency (EE) metrics in practical systems. Accordingly, the Spectral- and Energy-Efficient resource allocation schemes are comprehensively investigated in this monograph, respectively. Besides, through extensive analysis, we also explore the interrelationship between the SE and the EE, and further throw new insights into the SE-EE trade-off for operating strategies. We hope that this brief will be used as a reference for practicing engineer and researchers in the field of wireless communications. Nanjing 210023, China Shaowei Wang vii Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Cognitive Radio Technology ............................................................... 1 1.1.1 Cognitive Radio Characteristics .............................................. 1 1.1.2 Cognitive Radio Functions ...................................................... 2 1.1.3 Interference Temperature ........................................................ 4 1.2 OFDM Technology ............................................................................. 4 1.2.1 Key Features............................................................................ 4 1.2.2 OFDM-Based CR Systems ..................................................... 5 1.2.3 Summary ................................................................................. 6 References .................................................................................................... 7 2 Dynamic Resource Allocation ................................................................... 9 2.1 Resource Allocation in OFDM Systems ............................................. 9 2.1.1 Wireless Channel Characteristics ............................................ 9 2.1.2 FFT-Based Transceiver ........................................................... 10 2.1.3 Efficiency and Fairness ........................................................... 13 2.1.4 Classes of Dynamic Resource Allocation ............................... 14 2.1.5 General Problem of RA in Multiuser OFDM Systems ........... 14 2.2 Resource Allocation in CR Systems ................................................... 17 2.2.1 Primary/Secondary Network Models ...................................... 17 2.2.2 CR Operation Models ............................................................. 18 2.2.3 Interference Management ........................................................ 19 2.2.4 General Problem of RA in OFDM-Based CR Systems .......... 20 2.3 Summary ............................................................................................. 22 References .................................................................................................... 22 3 Spectral-Efficient Resource Allocation in CR Systems .......................... 27 3.1 Single-User CR Systems ..................................................................... 27 3.1.1 System Model.......................................................................... 27 3.1.2 Problem Formulation .............................................................. 29 3.1.3 Fast Barrier Algorithm ............................................................ 29 3.1.4 Numerical Results ................................................................... 33 ix x Contents 3.2 Multi-User CR Systems ...................................................................... 35 3.2.1 System Model & Problem Formulation .................................. 35 3.2.2 Relaxation Method .................................................................. 37 3.2.3 Two-Stage Method .................................................................. 41 3.2.4 Numerical Results ................................................................... 45 3.3 Relay-Enhanced CR Systems .............................................................. 48 3.3.1 Three-Node Relay System ...................................................... 49 3.3.2 Multiuser Relaying CR Systems ............................................. 52 3.3.3 Numerical Results ................................................................... 59 3.4 Summary ............................................................................................. 64 References .................................................................................................... 64 4 Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation in CR Systems ............................ 67 4.1 EE Characteristics ............................................................................... 67 4.2 Energy-Efficient Power Allocation ..................................................... 71 4.2.1 General Problem...................................................................... 71 4.2.2 Bisection-Based Algorithm ..................................................... 72 4.2.3 Fractional Programming.......................................................... 74 4.2.4 Hypograph-Based Algorithm .................................................. 75 4.2.5 Performance Evaluation .......................................................... 76 4.3 Multiuser CR Systems......................................................................... 78 4.3.1 Problem Formulation .............................................................. 79 4.3.2 Relaxation Method .................................................................. 80 4.3.3 Numerical Results ................................................................... 86 4.4 Summary ............................................................................................. 89 References .................................................................................................... 91 5 Trade-Off Between Spectral- and Energy-Efficiency ............................. 93 5.1 SE-EE Relationship ............................................................................. 93 5.2 SE-EE Trade-off Operation ................................................................. 98 5.2.1 Pareto Optimal Set .................................................................. 98 5.2.2 Analysis of Utility Function .................................................... 99 5.2.3 D.C. Programming .................................................................. 99 5.2.4 Numerical Results ................................................................... 101 5.3 Summary and Discussions .................................................................. 102 References .................................................................................................... 103 Chapter 1 Introduction Built on a software-defined radio, cognitive radio (CR) [1, 2] is generally defined as an intelligent wireless communication paradigm with the awareness of its environ- ment, which is able to learn from the environment and adapt to statistical variations in the input stimuli using understanding-by-building methodology. It is proposed to achieve efficient radio spectrum utilization, as well as high reliable communication whenever and wherever needed. 1.1 Cognitive Radio Technology CR technology allows secondary users (SUs), also referred to as CR users, to sense the radio environment and access the radio spectrum licensed by primary users (PUs), as long as the SUs do not worsen the performance of the PUs. In order to meet the requirements of opportunistic access, the physical layer of a CR sys- tem should be very flexible, which necessitates multicarrier methods to operate in CR networks. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which offers a high flexibility in radio resource management, is deemed as an appropriate air interface of a CR system [3, 4]. 1.1.1 Cognitive Radio Characteristics With the staggering increase of new wireless applications, the last decade has wit- nessed the looming exhaustion of radio spectrum. On the other hand, the traditional spectrum management policy, which generally assigns the radio spectrum in a fixed manner, becomes a bottleneck for high efficient spectrum utilization. As disclosed by the report of Federal Communication Commission (FCC), the temporal and geographic variations in the utilization of the licensed spectrum range from 15 to 85 % [5], as illustrated in Fig. 1.1. Consequently, such dilemma starves for innovative © The Author(s) 2014 1 S. Wang, Cognitive Radio Networks, SpringerBriefs in Computer Science, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-08936-2_1

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This SpringerBrief presents a survey of dynamic resource allocation schemes in Cognitive Radio (CR) Systems, focusing on the spectral-efficiency and energy-efficiency in wireless networks. It also introduces a variety of dynamic resource allocation schemes for CR networks and provides a concise intr
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