Table Of ContentCochlear
Mechanisms
Structure, Function,
and Models
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Volume 164-Cochlear Mechanisms: Structure, Function, and Models
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Series A: Life Sciences
Cochlear
Mechanisms
Structure, Function,
and Models
Edited by
J. P. Wilson
University of Keele
Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
and
D. T. Kemp
Institute of Otology and Laryngology
London, United Kingdom
Plenum Press
New York and London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Mechanics of Hearing,
held July 3-8, 1988,
at the University of Keele, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
ISBN 978-1-4684-5642-4 ISBN 978-1-4684-5640-0 (eBook)
001 10.1007/978-1-4684-5640-0
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Mechanics of Hearing (1988: University
of Keele)
Cochlear mechanisms: structure, function, and models I edited by J. P.
Wilson and D. T. Kemp.
p. cm.-(NATO ASI series. Series A, Life sciences; v. 164)
"Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Mechanics of
Hearing held July 3-8, 1988 at the University of Keele, Keele, Staffordshire,
United Kingdom"-T.p. verso.
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
ISBN 978-1-4684-5642-4
1. Cochlea-Congresses. 2. Hearing-Congresses. I. Wilson, John Patrick,
1935-. . II. Kemp, D. T. III. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Af-
fairs Division. IV. Title. V. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Cochlea-congresses. WV 250 N279c 1988]
QP461.N37 1988
599'.01825-dc19
DNLM/DLC 89-3760
for Library of Congress CIP
© 1989 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1989
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All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
E. de Boer, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
P. Dallos, Evanston, Illinois, USA
A. J. Hudspeth, San Francisco, California, USA
D. T. Kemp, London, United Kingdom
J. P. Wilson, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
E. de Boer, D.T. Kemp and J.P. Wilson
PREFACE
Great advances have been made in understanding hearing in recent
years. In particular, the mechanical function of the cochlea has become
the focus of intense interest. This started in one direction, with the
discovery of otoacoustic emissions in 1978, which required active
mechanical amplification processes, as first postulated by Gold in 1948.
Direct evidence for the role of this mechanism in sharpening-up the
otherwise poor, basilar membrane tuning properties, was provided in
1982; and in 1983, motility was shown in outer hair cells. In parallel, an
immense amount of work has been done on the electrophysiology of hair
cells, following the first intracellular recordings in 1977.
Over a longer time scale, models of basilar membrane motion have
been developed and refined, and recently much effort has been put into
incorporating active mechanisms and non-linear processes. It seemed an
opportune time to bring together the leading workers in these various
areas, to take stock of the whole field and to stimulate further progress.
This book represents the proceedings of a NATO ARW on the
Mechanics of Hearing held at the University of Keele, 3-8 July, 1988.
The conception of the meeting owes much to earlier meetings held in
Boston in 1985 (Peripheral Auditory Mechallisms, Eds. J.B. Allen, J.L.
Hall, A. Hubbard, S.T. Neely and A. Tubis, Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
1986) and Delft in 1983 (Mechanics of Hearing, Eds. E. de Boer and
M.A. Viergever, Delft University Press, 1983) and also London in 1980
(Nonlinear and Active Mechanical Processes in the Cochlea, Eds. D.T.
Kemp and S.D. Anderson, Hearing Research, 2 (3/4». In this meeting,
however, we have departed from previous practice by omitting middle ear
measurements. This was necessitated by the very rapid and exciting
growth in the field of micro mechanics and hair cell motility.
Furthermore, to broaden the understanding of this field, it appeared
advantageous to introduce some of the recent ultrastructural findings.
The editors received much encouraging feedback during the meeting,
both from modellers and morphologists, that this had been a popular and
fruitful decision.
In addition to the main papers we have included extra material as
"comments", either sent in beforehand, presented as posters, or written up
during the meeting. The edited discussions are also included, and, in a
much less heavily edited form, the two main discussion sessions, which by
default, have not necessarily been approved by the authors concerned.
We were fortunate in having so many of the pioneer workers in this
field, present at the workshop, and in addition, two eminent scientists
from other fields, who had interesting contributions to make. Professor
Thomas Gold, FRS, the cosmologist and astronomer, had made predictions
about active feedback mechanisms within the cochlea, forty years ago,
and it was intriguing to hear about auditory resear:ch of that era, and to
wonder how different the development of hearing might have been if his
vii
viii Preface
attempts at that time, to measure spontaneous otoacoustic emissions, had
been successful; and Sir James Lighthill, FRS, who was able to relate, as
guest of honour at the dinner, some of the background to the earlier
meetings, particularly that at Delft for which he was on the organising
committee. As chairman of the modelling discussion session, he showed
how his expertise in fluid dynamics can be applied to energy flow
problems within the cochlea.
The editors would like to thank the members of the International
Organising Committee for many useful suggestions which have helped
shape the meeting, the Chairmen of Sessions, and the members of the
Local Organising Committee who contributed so much to the smooth
running of the meeting. These are all named following the list ,of
participants. We would also like to thank NATO for so generously
supporting the workshop in administrative costs, and in providing
accommodation and travel support for participants who needed it.
Plans were made at the end, to hold another workshop in 1990,
probably in the US Mid West.
J.P. Wilson and D.T. Kemp October, 1988
CONTENTS
1. Hair Cell Ultrastructure ........................................... .
Structural organization of the mammalian auditory hair cells in relation
to micromechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
D. J. Lim, Y. Hanamure, and Y. Ohashi
Observations on the cytoskeleton and related structures of mammalian
cochlear hair cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
C. M. Hackney and D. N. Furness
A comparative study of actin filaments in cochlear hair cells: outer hair
cells in the apex of the guinea pig cochlea contain a unique
ultrastructural feature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
L. Carlisle, P. R. Thorne, G. Zajic, R. A. Altschuler, and J. Schacht
The lateral walls of inner and outer hair cells 29
A. Forge
Tip-link organization in relation to the structure and orientation of
stereo villar bundles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
J. O. Pickles, M. P. Osborne, S. D. Com is, C. Koppl, O. Gleich,
J. Brix, andG. A. Manley
2. Micromechanical measurements and models 45
Hair cell mechanics controls the dynamic behaviour of the lateral line
cupula...... ..... ... .... . ... ... . . ... . ......... .... . . . . . . . . .. 47
S. M. van Netten and A. B. A. Kroese
Aminoglycoside antibiotics and lectins cause irreversible increases in the
stiffness of cochlear hair-cell stereocilia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57
G. P. Richardson, I. J. Russell, R. Wasserkort, and M. Hans
Mechanical analysis of hair cell microstructure and motility. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67
C. R. Steele, .C. R. Steele and D. H. Jen
A model for bidirectional transduction in outer hair cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 75
S. T. Neely
A three-degree-of-freedom active micro mechanical model of the cochlear
partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
K. L. Jones and D. O. Kim
Outer hair cells possess acetylcholine receptors and produce motile
responses in the organ of Corti ........................................ 93
H. P. Zenner, G. Reuter, P. K. Plinkert, U. Zimmermann, and
A. Gitter
ix
x Contents
Mechano-electrical transduction in turtle hafr cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 99
R. Fettiplace and A. C. Crawford
Transducer motor coupling in cochlear outer hair cells ............ . . . . . .. 107
J. F. Ashmore,
Structure of the cortical cytoskeleton in outer hair cells from the guinea
pig organ of corti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 115
M. C. Hol/ey and J. F. Ashmore
Gating compliance, a reduction in hair-bundle stiffness associated with
the gating of transduction channels in hair cells from the
bullfrog's sacculus ........................................... 117
A. J. Hudspeth, W. M. Roberts, and J. Howard
Simultaneous recording of fluctuations of hair-bundle defection and
intracellular voltage in saccular hair cells ....................... 125
W. Denk and W. W. Webb
Micromechanical movements of chick sensory hair bundles to sinusoidal
stimuli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 135
J. C. Saunders and Y. M. Szymko
Micromechanical basis of high-frequency tuning in the bobtail lizard. . . . . .. 143
G. A. Manley, C. Koppl, and G. K. Yates
Mechanical coupling between inner and outer hair cells in the mammalian
cochlea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 153
D. C. Mountain and A. R. Cody
3. Electrophysiological Measurements .................................. 161
Phase reversal of ohc response at high sound intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 163
J. J. Zwislocki and R. L. Smith
Outer hair cell receptor current and its effect on cochlear mechanics. . . . . .. 169
R. B. Patuzzi, G. K. Yates, and B. M. Johnstone
Saturation of receptor currents accounts for two-tone suppression . . . . . . . .. 177
G. K. Yates, C. D. Geisler, R. B. Patuzzi, and B. M. Johnstone
Components of the membrane current in guinea pig inner hair cells. . . . . . .. 189
C. J. Kros and A. C. Crawford
Cochlear nonlinearities reflected in inner hair cell responses ............. " 197
P. Dal/os and M. A. Cheetham
Asymmetries in motile responses of outer hair cells in simulated in vivo
conditions ................................................. " 205
B. N. Evans, P. Dal/os, and R. Hal/worth
Round window cochlear microphonic and atrophy of short and middle
stereocilia on outer hair cells in hydropic cochleas in guinea pigs 207
K. C. Horner, Y. Cazals, and A. Guilhaume
Postnatal developement of the cochlea in horseshoe bats 217
M. Vater and R. Riibsamen
On the origin of interspecific differences in auditory susceptibility . . . . . . . .. 225
L. Decory, A. Guilhaume, A. Dancer, and J.-M. Aran
