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Coastal Zone Management Handbook PDF

717 Pages·2018·150.197 MB·English
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Coastal Zone Management HANDBOOK Coastal one Management H NDBO K JOHN R. CLARK Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Clark. John R .. 1927- Coastal zone management handbook I John R. Clark. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-092-2 I. Coastal zone management. 2. Coastal zone management--Case studies. L Title. HT391.C494 1995 333.78'4--dc20 95-10219 C!P This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission. and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references arc listed. Reasonable effons have been made to publish reliable data and information. but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any pan may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means. electronic or mechanicaL including photocopying. microfilming. and recording. or by any information storage or retrieval system. without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution. for promotion. for creating new works. or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC. 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd .. Boca Raton. Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks. and are used only for identification and explanation. without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 1996 by CRC Press LLC Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-56670-092-2 Library of Congress Card Number 95-10219 567890 Preface This volume is intended as a practitio11er's guidebook. Although its viewpoint is clearly environmen taL this is not an advocacy book. Nor is it a textbook. lt is a manual and a reference source for those who practice the arts of coastal resources planning and management. It describes a strategy for comprehensive management and provides a set of working tools along with a detailed information base for the practitioner. This basic material is followed by 47 case histories on coastal management, ranging around the globe from Australia to the West lndies. How the book should be used is described in some detail in the "Reader's Guide" which follows this preface. The guidebook is about environmental conservation from a practical point of view. It does not deal with nature abstractly but rather pragmatically. lt was written from a human perspective and is highly influenced by the author's international consulting activities in developing countries over many years. Accordingly, it responds to an immediate global need for resource planning and management technology. ln a world of rapid population growth and diminishing natural resources, each country must plan for economic growth in balance with resource conservation and environmental management if it is to make progress in health. food, housing. energy. and other critical national needs. Such basic resources as fueL water. fertile land. and fish stocks are already in short supply in many countries. and their future prospects are in grave doubt. ln the coastal areas of the world, high population densities, linked with urban growth. expanding tourism. and industrialization, pose major threats to natural resources and biological diversity. The effects of uncontrolled development are destabilizing ecosystems. changing land use patterns. making communities vulnerable to seastorms. and creating demands on the ecological resources of the world that are not sustainable. This situation is expected to worsen. The current coastal population is likely to more than double in a few decades while resource uses accelerate-for example. international tourism is expected to reach 637 million travelers by the year 2000. Urbanization and tourism expansion will unavoidably lead to further pressure on water supplies and to irreversible changes in coastal environments. Growing amounts of gaseous. liquid, and solid waste also jeopardize the future of marine, coastaL and wetland ecosystems, as well as threaten species survival. The major resource systems of the coast have no equal on land. Coastal ecosystems and key coastal habitats-such as coral reefs and mangrove forests-are not only distinctive. but also extremely productive of renewable resources-protein food, tourist income. mangrove forest products, and other economic goods and services. These resource systems must be conserved to continue. Sustainable use is the alternative to resource depletion that accompanies excessive exploitation for short-term profit. Unfortunately. the water's edge is also a place where competition and conflict among users is great and where governments have tailed to develop special policies and programs. The water inJluence not only establishes special conditions. but also dictates unusual and complex institutional arrangements. ln most countries a great variety of agencies have interests in coastal waters, interests that sometimes are complementary but more often are competitive. An integrated coastal zone management OCZM) progran1 is needed to coordinate all the varied interests in coastal resource uses. Where use of coastal resources is concerned. governments have the mandate to manage public commons wisely. ln most countries coastal waters are considered "commons": that is. they are not owned by any person or agency but are common property available equally to all citizens, with the government as "trustee." This is an age-old public right going back to the Institutes of Justinian: "Et quidem narurali jure communia sum omnium haec: aer, aqua profluens. et mare per hoc litora maris" "By the law of nature these things arc common to mankind: the air. running water, the sea and consequently the shores ol' the sea" ( 158). Further, this influential doctrine states that "no one. therefore. is forbidden to approach the seashore. provided that he respects habitations. monuments. and buildings, which are not. like the sea, subject only to the law of nations." To cope with the complexity of managing the coastal commons. many countries are now working out special ICZM strategies for compatible development and resource conservation management that are for the good of the nation as a whole. ICZM is committed to advancing sustainable multiple use of coastal resources and maintenance of biodivcrsity through an integrative. multiple sector approach. It may be initiated in response to a planning mandate but more often because of a crisis-a use conflict, a severe decline in a resource. or a devastating experience with natural hazards. Environmentally planned development adds to the economic and social prosperity of a coastal community. Fisheries productivity. increased tourism revenues. sustained mangrove forestry. and security from natural hazard devastation are among the practical benefits of coastal zone planning and manage ment. This holistic approval is supported by ··Agenda 21". the report of the Earth Summit conference of June. 1992. sponsored by the United Nations. A major purpose of coastal zone management is to coordinate the initiatives of the various coastal economic sectors toward long-term optimal socio-economic outcomes. including resolution of use conflicts and beneficial tradeoffs. My colleague. Chua Thia-Eng. urged me to remind coastal planners that existing poverty and increasing populations in many developing countries contribute strongly to resource depletion and environmental degradation. Therefore. alleviation of poverty and population increase should be addressed in coastal zone plans. Because it operates at the water/land interface. every aspect of ICZM relates to water in one way or another. whether making provisions for marine commerce. the ravages of scastorms. resource conservation. or pollution abatement. The water influence not only establishes special conditions. it also dictates unusual and complex institutional arrangements. Because the special conditions of the coast have not always been understood and given due regard by development organizations. program designers. economic planners. and project engineers. there have been losses of revenue. jobs. food. and foreign exchange earnings potential in many coastal countries that could have been avoided. The key is unitary management. The necessity is to comprehend and manage the shoreland.s and coastal waters together as a single interacting unit. Fortunately. there is now a shift in political t·easoning away from exploitive. non-sustainable uses. which may produce a fast dollar but which are costly in the long run because of resource depletion. rehabilitation. and management costs. The current trend is toward more comprebcnsi ve and broadly integrated coastal programs of the ICZM type. An effective comprehensive program can be the major force in any country for maintaining coastal biodiversity. for resolving conrlicting demands over the use of coastal resources. and for guaranteeing the long-term economic sustainability of the coastal resource base. Traditional land-based or marine-based forms of management and planning must be modified to be effective for the coast. at the transition between land and sea. But the place where the land ends is also the place where the knowledge and experience of most administrators ends. For example. seafood is recognized as a critically important resource (30): it provides more protein worldwide per capita ( 16.1 Ib ) than do beef and mutton combined ( 12.2 lb ). Yet economic planners take slight notice. perhaps because seafood production is a mysterious pursuit carried out far from cities and incomprehensible to most persons. Also. fisheries are variable and. in large measure. unpredictable and unprogrammable. From the natural sciences point of view. the coastal area is an extremely complex. highly diverse. and complicated system: a complexity that ensures a continuing high need for help from scientists in tbc coastal planning sphere. As Joseph Conrad said (Typhoon, 1902 ): "The sea never changes and its works. for all the talk of men. are wrapped in mystery". From a planner's viewpoint. the coast is a place with an inherently incomplete database. where major influences-e.g .. storms. erosion. fish migrations-are usually unpredictable and where land based planning principles are irrelevant. Nor are managers. engineers. or politicians usually well informed about the sea and the seacoast. Moreover. persons who do have knowledge of the coast may possess quite narrow expertise-for example. in navigation. fisheries science. pollution. biodivcrsity. or hydrody namics-and know the sea and seacoast from a specialist's point of view rather than from a systems perspective. Those few practitioners who have prepared themselves broadly to know the sea and seacoast as a natural system and who understand the interactions of sea and coastal land are exceptionally valuable in coastal management programs. Only recently has formal graduate level training been available to those who would choose to make this interdisciplinary pursuit a career. I pray that this book will help them by presenting the basics on biodiversity. resource conservation. and social needs in a single volume. Without apology. I wish to explain that this book is written by a generalist who has several decades of experience in coastal management but not of a doctrinal type. While this book is built on the knowledge of a multitude of experts. it is not intended to help any of them within their own particular area of expertise. The hundreds of topics addressed are presented Cor the benefit of planners or other generalists or for cross-disciplinary use. Although I have tried to compile and present information of the most interest to the widest audience of practitioners. personal selection has admittedly influenced the inclusion of materials. Yet tllis book should provide the reader with a more comprehensive introduction to the practice of coastal management than any source available thus far. John R. Clark Ramrod Key, Florida Reader's Guide This is a reference book and is not intended as a reader. As a central information source for the practice of coastal zone resources management, the book is a compilation of information gleaned from numerous disciplines. The information is structured by four major categories. which together make up the substance of the guidebook.: strategies. methods. information base. and case histories. A description of each of these four parts follows. Part l is a description of the strategic approach to coastal zone management (lCZM). including concepts. problems. and solutions. Potential administrative/legal approaches are described along with the management framework.. Strategy planning, including issues analysis. is held to be the key to the process. The material is presented in progressive order. beginning with goals and ending with program development. ln this way. Part I becomes the "blueprint" for an integrated, multiple sector. coastal management program. The "tools" for building the program are given in Part 2. Part 2 is a presentation of specific management approaches. This is the what-to-do and how-to-do it part of the book.. lt describes primary techniques. gives planning instructions, and proposes specific management outcomes. Whereas Part I provides the blueprint for regional or national ICZM programs, Part 2 contains the tools for conducting the program. Subjects are listed alphabetically. With the ideas and instructions here. you can address most management jobs. And while extent of coverage is limited to what will fit within the covers of a single book.. the references cited will lead you to a much wider range of technologies. Further information also appears in Part 3. Part 3 is a general compilation of information about coastal resources and management. arranged alphabetically. It consists mostly of material intended to support the coastal management processes explained in Part 2. but some of it describes additional management techniques (at the second level of need). This is because the separation of subject matter-techniques in Part 2 and supporting information in Part 3-was only partly successful. Each subject is an abstract of a much larger literature and, in so small a space of words. it can only be exemplary. not prescriptive. lf a desired subject is not listed under the title you would use for it, please refer to the index. Part 4 is a collection of mini-case histories of coastal zone situations along with management techniques and their trials. Subjects include conservation. land use controls, pollution abatement. resource management, public reaction. and environmental restoration. Subjects are arranged by country. alphabeti cally. Most are contributed by experts whose authorship is noted at the end of each case. Part 5 contains the references cited in Parts I to 3. This book uses a numeric citation system; that is. each reference is identified by a number within parentheses. For example. the citation ( /8) indicates the 18th item in the alphabeticized reference list. When the reference appears past the last sentence of a paragraph it refers to the whole paragraph. Institutional authorship is used when personal authorship is not given in the publication referenced. The reader will find that the same subject is addressed in different parts of the guidebook.. This occurs first in Part I where the book follows the process of generating an integrated coastal program-here the same items are considered in various stages of program planning and development. Also. a particular subject may be treated in both Parts 2 and 3 because it has specific management application for Part 2 but also additional information content for Part 3. However. care has been taken to minimize direct duplication. except where important material is intentionally repeated either for emphasis or to make sure the selective reader will encounter it in one part or the other. ICZM is used throughout this book to mean Integrated Coastal Zone Management.

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