Coal Science II

344 Pages·1991·7.218 MB·English

by  Harold H. Schobert, Keith D. Bartle, and Leo J. Lynch (Eds.)

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ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 461
Coal Science II
Harold H. Schobert, EDITOR
The Pennsylvania State University
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w0 Keith D. Bartle, EDITOR
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46 University of Leeds
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k-1 Leo J. Lynch, EDITOR
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1/ Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
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e: Developed from a symposium sponsored
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ati of the American Chemical Society
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ubli at the 198th National Meeting
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Miami Beach, Florida, September 10-15, 1989
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1991
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Coal science II / Harold H. Schobert, editor, Keith D. Bartle, editor,
Leo J. Lynch, editor ; developed from a symposium sponsored by the
Division of Fuel Chemistry of the American Cnemical society at the
198th National Meeting, Miami Beach, Florida, September 10-15,
1989.
p. cm.—(ACS symposium series; 461)
Symposium in honor of Peter Given.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
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00 ISBN 0-8412-2005-0 : $77.95
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1.f 1. Coal—Congresses. 2. Given, P. H. (Peter Hervey), 1918-1988.
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1- I. Schobert, Harold H., 1943- . II. Bartle, Keith D. III. Lynch,
99 Leo J., 1940- . IV. Given, P. H. (Peter Hervey), 1918-1988.
k-1 V. American Chemical Society. Division of Fuel Chemistry.
b VI. American Chemical Society. Meeting (198th: 1989: Miami Beach,
21/ Fia.) VII. Series.
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0. TP325.C533 1991
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doi: 662.6'2—dc20 91-11C38IP7
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y The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National
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e: Z39.48-1984.
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n D Copyright © 1991
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u All Rights Reserved. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of each
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ACS Symposium Series
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1991 ACS Books Advisory Board
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Foreword
IHE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was founded in 1974 to provide
a medium for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The
format of the Series parallels that of the continuing ADVANCES
IN CHEMISTRY SERIES except that, in order to save time, the
papers are not typeset, but are reproduced as they are submit
1 ted by the authors in camera-ready form. Papers are reviewed
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w0 under the supervision of the editors with the assistance of the
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ubli Dedicated to the memory of Peter H. Given
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Preface
COAL SCIENCE IS THE DISCIPLINE that investigates the geochemical ori
gins of coal in the environment, the chemical constitution and physical
properties of coal, and the fundamental basis of the reactions of coal.
Coal science is distinct from coal technology in that coal science is not
concerned with the development of specific processes for coal use. Ideally,
the two disciplines should be closely allied because research in coal sci
1 ence provides new knowledge and ideas that could be adopted for the
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pr0 development and improvement of coal technology. In return, technologi
61. cal problems raise questions that require new research initiatives in the
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1-0 coal science laboratory. To be sure, a rough-and-ready body of coal tech
99 nology can be erected, and—it might be argued—has been erected on a
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k- foundation of empirical results of poorly characterized materials of uncer
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21/ tain origin. However, as Leonardo da Vinci said, "Those who are in love
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0.1 with practice without science are like sailors who get into a ship without
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oi: rudder or compass and can never be certain where they are going." The
d discipline of coal science is a fascinating intellectual endeavor and the
91 | essential foundation of new processes for using this important natural
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6, 1 resource as we move into the 21st century.
ay About 25 years ago, a major conference on coal science was held at
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e: The Pennsylvania State University. The papers presented at that confer
Dat ence were subsequently published as Coal Science, an out-of-print volume
on in the Advances in Chemistry Series of the American Chemical Society.
cati Some of the chapters in that volume are still cited in current literature, a
bli testament to the quality and continuing relevance of that work to the field
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of coal science. The conference organizer, Peter Given, had come to Penn
State a few years earlier after a 10-year career with the British Coal Utili
zation Research Association. Even then, Given had established a reputa
tion as a significant contributor to coal science. In the following years, he
came to be recognized as one of the dominant coal scientists of the post-
World War II era.
Peter Given retired from Penn State in 1985 and returned to his native
England with ambitious plans to continue writing books and papers.
Sadly, health problems intruded on these plans. Given died unexpectedly
in April 1988. His death occurred almost a quarter century after the out
standing conference that he was instrumental in organizing; this
occurrence suggested that a new symposium on coal science might serve
two purposes. First, such a conference could be a tribute to this giant in
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coal science. Second, the conference would provide an opportunity to
take another look at the field after 25 years. Tlie culmination of this idea
was a symposium entitled "Advances in Coal Science: A Symposium in
Remembrance of Peter Given." After very kind and warm introductory
remarks by Peter's wife, Barbara Given, the symposium proceeded with 40
papers presented by authors from eight nations. Attendance was high, and
the discussions were often quite spirited in a way that Peter Given would
have richly enjoyed. This book represents the permanent record of the
Given symposium.
Coal science is a vigorous, albeit small, field. Some research topics that
were popular 25 years ago have withered while some new ones have
become of vigorous interest; others seem to either come and go in cycles
or serenely sail on forever. Unquestionably, the largest changes in the
field have been the application of sophisticated instrumental analytical
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0 techniques to problems in coal science and the wealth of new insights and
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1. data these results have provided us. The chapters have been arranged to
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04 fit the major cornerstones of coal science: geochemistry, structure and
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9 properties, and reactivity. We have no doubt that a quarter century hence
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k- the contributions of Peter Given will continue to be cited and referenced.
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1/ We hope the chapters in this book will prove to be durable and will serve
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91 | Acknowledgments
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y This book would not have been possible without the efforts of all the
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at and without the efforts of the many anonymous reviewers who provided
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n useful comments. We are also very pleased to thank the Petroleum
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HAROLD H. SCHOBERT KEITH D. BARTLE
The Pennsylvania State University University of Leeds
University Park, PA 16802 Leeds LS2 9JT, England
LEO J. LYNCH
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia 2032
January 1991
Chapter 1
Peter Given: An Appreciation
Harold H. Schobert
Fuel Science Program, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA 16802
1 This chapter provides some brief biographical information about Peter
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0 Given and his impact on the field of coal science. His contributions to
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1.c the profession are measured and explained by comparing some of the
46 papers presented at the 1964 American Conference on Coal Science,
1-0 which he organized, and the 1989 symposium held in his memory and
99 organized by the Division of Fuel Chemistry as part of the 198th
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k- national meeting of the American Chemical Society.
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0.1 Peter Qiven
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doi: Peter Hervey Given was born in 1918. He was educated at Oxford University,
1 | receiving a B.A. in Chemistry in St. Peter's Hall, Oxford, and the M.A. and D.Phil,
99 in the Dyson Penis Laboratory under the direction of Professors D. LI. Hammick and
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6, Sir Robert Robinson (who was the Nobel laureate in chemistry for 1947). Given's
y thesis research dealt with carbonium ion reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons on
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M cracking catalysts (1-2).
ate: Peter Given joined the staff of the British Coal Utilization Research
D Association in 1945. From 1950 to 1960 he served as the head of the organic
on chemistry section. Many of his research activities at BCURA were quite different from
ati those of his later, and perhaps better known, career at Penn State. In particular, he
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bli was involved in studies of the chemistry of phenols and their reactions on catalysts
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P (β g-, 4-6), and was awarded a patent for improvements in processing of phenols (1).

A second research area, which resulted in eighteen contributions to the literature from
the mid-1950's through 1960, was a study of the electrochemical reactions of organic
compounds, particularly with an emphasis on polarography (8-15). The
electrochemical work also extended to coal extracts (16.17) and to coal (IS). This
phase of Peter Given's career culminated with the publication of the classic article on
the distribution of hydrogen in coal and its relationship to the structure of coal, and the
model structure which has now become almost universally known as "the Given
structure" (19).
In 1961 Peter Given joined the faculty of The Pennsylvania State University as
Associate Professor of Fuel Technology. He stayed at Penn State until his retirement
in 1986. Promotion to professor came in 1962. In 1965 he became chairman of what
was then the Department of Fuel Technology. Internal reorganization at Penn State in
the late 60's led to Fuel Technology becoming the Fuel Science program of the
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© 1991 American Chemical Society