Co-Existence and Co-Release of Classical Neurotransmitters: Ex uno plures

236 Pages·2009·4.42 MB·english

by  Tomas Hökfelt (auth.)

Co-Existence and Co-Release of Classical
Neurotransmitters
Rafael Gutierrez
Editor
Co-Existence and
Co-Release of Classical
Neurotransmitters
Ex uno plures
1 3
Editor
RafaelGutierrez
CentrodeInvestigaciony
EstudiosAvanzados
MexicoCity
[email protected]
ISBN:978-0-387-09621-6 e-ISBN:978-0-387-09622-3
DOI10.1007/978-0-387-09622-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008937802
#SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC2009
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Contents
1 CoexistenceofNeuromessengerMolecules–APerspective........ 1
TomasHo¨kfelt
2 Exunoplures:OutofOne,Many ........................... 15
R.Gutie´rrez
3 MechanismsofSynapseFormation:Activity-DependentSelection
ofNeurotransmittersandReceptors.......................... 23
LauraN.BorodinskyandNicholasC.Spitzer
4 Co-ReleaseofNorepinephrineandAcetylcholinebyMammalian
SympatheticNeurons:RegulationbyTarget-DerivedSignaling..... 35
JasonA.LutherandSusanJ.Birren
5 GABA,Glycine,andGlutamateCo-ReleaseatDeveloping
InhibitorySynapses ...................................... 55
DedaC.GillespieandKarlKandler
6 GABAistheMainNeurotransmitterReleasedfromMossyFiber
TerminalsintheDevelopingRatHippocampus ................. 81
VictoriaF.Safiulina,MajidH.Mohajerani,SudhirSivakumaran,
andEnricoCherubini
7 PostsynapticDeterminantsofInhibitoryTransmissionatMixed
GABAergic/GlycinergicSynapses ........................... 99
Ste´phaneDieudonne´ andMarcoAlbertoDiana
8 GlutamateCo-ReleasebyMonoamineNeurons................. 127
LouisEricTrudeau,Gre´goryDalBo,andJose´ AlfredoMendez
9 DopamineandSerotoninCrosstalkWithintheDopaminergic
andSerotonergicSystems.................................. 145
Fu-MingZhouandJohnA.Dani
v
vi Contents
10 TheDualGlutamatergic/GABAergicPhenotypeofHippocampal
GranuleCells........................................... 181
R.Gutie´rrez
11 SynapticCo-ReleaseofATPandGABA...................... 203
S.Hugel,Y.H.Jo,andR.Schlichter
12 TheCo-ReleaseofGlutamateandAcetylcholineintheVertebrate
NervousSystem ......................................... 225
Wen-ChangLi
13 ColocalizationandCotransmissionofClassicalNeurotransmitters:
AnInvertebratePerspective................................ 243
MarkW.Miller
14 Epluribusunum:OutofMany,One ......................... 263
R.Gutie´rrezandJ.A.Arias-Montan˜o
Index..................................................... 273
Contributors
Arias-Montan˜o,J.A. DepartmentofPhysiology,BiophysicsandNeuros-
ciences,CenterforResearchandAdvancedStudiesoftheNationalPolytechnic
Institute,ApartadoPostal14-740,Me´xicoD.F.07000
Birren,SusanJ. DepartmentofBiologyandVolenCenterforComplex
Systems,BrandeisUniversity
Borodinsky,LauraN. DepartmentofPhysiology&MembraneBiology,
UniversityofCaliforniaDavisSchoolofMedicineandInstituteforPediatric
RegenerativeMedicine,ShrinersHospitalforChildrenNorthernCalifornia,
2425StocktonBlvd,Sacramento,California95817e-mail:
[email protected]
Cherubini,Enrico NeurobiologySector,InternationalSchoolforAdvanced
Studies,ViaBeirut2–4,34014Trieste,Italye-mail:[email protected]
DalBo,Gre´gory DepartmentofPharmacology,CNSResearchGroup,
FacultyofMedicine,Universite´ deMontre´al
Dani,JohnA. DepartmentofNeuroscience,MenningerDepartmentof
PsychiatryandBehavioralScience,BaylorCollegeofMedicine,Houston,TX
77030e-mail:[email protected]
Diana,MarcoAlberto Laboratoiredeneurobiology,CNRSUMR8544,Ecole
normalesupe´rieure,46rued’Ulm,75005Parise-mail:[email protected]
Dieudonne´,Ste´phane Laboratoiredeneurobiologie,CNRSUMR8544,Ecole
normalesupe´rieure,46rued’Ulm,75005Paris(France)e-mail:
[email protected]
Gillespie,DedaC. DepartmentofPsychology,Neuroscience&Behaviour,
McMasterUniversity,Hamilton,ONL8S4K1Canadae-mail:
[email protected]
vii
viii Contributors
Gutie´rrez,R. DepartmentofPhysiology,BiophysicsandNeurosciences,
CenterforResearchandAdvancedStudiesoftheNationalPolytechnicInstitute,
PostBox14-740,Me´xicoD.F.07000.E-mail:[email protected]
Ho¨kfelt,Tomas DepartmentofNeuroscience,KarolinskaInstitutet,Retziusv.
8,S-17177Stockholm,SWEDEN.E-mail:[email protected]
Hugel,S. Universite´ LouisPasteur,InstitutdesNeurosciencesCellulaireset
Inte´gratives(INCI),CentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique(CNRS),
UMR7168,F-67084Strasbourg,France
Jo,YH AlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicineofYeshivaUniversity,Dept.of
Medicine,Div.ofEndocrinology,Bronx,NY10461,New-York,USA,e-mail:
[email protected]
Kandler,Karl DepartmentofOtolaryngologyandNeurobiology,Schoolof
Medicine,UniversityofPittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA15213USAe-mail:
[email protected]
Li,Wen-Chang SchoolofBiology,ButeBuilding,UniversityofStAndrews,St
Andrews,Fife,KY16,9TS,UK,e-mail:[email protected]
Luther,JasonA. DepartmentofBiologyandVolenCenterforComplex
Systems,BrandeisUniversity
Mendez,Jose´ Alfredo DepartmentofPharmacology,CNSResearchGroup,
FacultyofMedicine,Universite´ deMontre´al
Miller,MarkW. InstituteofNeurobiologyandDepartmentofAnatomy&
Neurobiology,UniversityofPuertoRico,201BlvddelValle,SanJuan,Puerto
Rico00901
Mohajerani,MajidH. NeurobiologySector,InternationalSchoolfor
AdvancedStudies,ViaBeirut2–4,34014Trieste,Italy
Safiulina,VictoriaF. NeurobiologySector,InternationalSchoolforAdvanced
Studies,ViaBeirut2–4,34014Trieste,Italy
Schlichter,R. Universite´ LouisPasteur,InstitutdesNeurosciencesCellulaires
etInte´gratives(INCI),CentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique(CNRS),
UMR7168,21rueRene´ Decartes,F-67084Strasbourg,France
Sivakumaran,Sudhir NeurobiologySector,InternationalSchoolfor
AdvancedStudies,ViaBeirut2–4,34014Trieste,Italy
Contributors ix
Spitzer,NicholasC. NeurobiologySection,DivisionofBiologicalSciencesand
CenterforMolecularGenetics,KavliInstituteforBrainandMind,University
ofCalifornia,SanDiego,9500GilmanDrive,LaJolla,California92093.
e-mail:[email protected]
Trudeau,Louis-Eric DepartmentofPharmacology,CNSResearchGroup,
FacultyofMedicine,Universite´ deMontre´al,Montreˇal,Que´vec,Canada
Zhou,Fu-Ming DepartmentofPharmacology,UniversityofTennessee
CollegeofMedicineMemphis,TN38163
Chapter 1
Coexistence of Neuromessenger
Molecules – A Perspective
TomasHo¨kfelt
Abstract Over the last three decades, it has become increasingly clear that
multiple messengers synthesized in, and released from, a single nerve ending
(or some/dendrite) participate in the chemical transmission process – the one
neuron, multiple transmitters concept. The molecules involved encompass a
wide varietyof chemicals, e.g. aminoacids, monoamines, peptidesand others.
This first chapter attempts to provide a background to the many novel and
interestingaspectsoncoexistencedealtwithinthebook.
1.1 Chemical Transmission
Chemical transmission is a fundamental process in nervous system function.
The chemicals involved were originally termed neurotransmitters, but other
nameshavesubsequentlyalsobeenused:messengermolecule,signaling/trans-
mitter substance, modulator and more – in Sweden we say ‘‘a loved child has
many names’’. Early on, with only few substances around, the term ‘‘neuro-
transmitter’’ appeared distinct and sufficient. However, as more and more
categories of molecules appeared to have a signaling function in the nervous
system, and sometimes with additional, even not well-defined functions, the
namenotrarelybecameonissueofcontroversy.Forexample,inthe1960ssome
eminent neurophysiologists would not accept the monoamines as neurotrans-
mitters.Thisdiscussionistodaylessintense,perhapsbecauseoftheinsightthat
the name really is not the critical issue, but rather to understand under what
circumstances this spectrum of molecules is produced and released and what
theirfunctionalsignificanceis.
T.Ho¨kfelt(*)
DepartmentofNeuroscience,KarolinskaInstitutet,Retziusv.8,S-17177Stockholm,
SWEDEN
e-mail:[email protected]
R.Gutierrez(ed.),Co-ExistenceandCo-ReleaseofClassicalNeurotransmitters, 1
DOI10.1007/978-0-387-09622-3_1,(cid:2)SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC2009
2 T. Ho¨kfelt
1.2 Identity and Function of Neurotransmitters
Whatisclearisthatmessengermoleculesnotonlyareinvolvedindifferenttypes
of transmission, e.g.slow versusfastsignaling(the typeof receptorbeing deci-
sive),butmanyofthemalsohaveothereffects,e.g.stimulatinggrowth.Andthe
mainfunctionofamessengermayvaryduringthelifeofaneuron/thenervous
system,e.g.earlyonexertingaroleindevelopmentalprocessesandlateronbeing
a regular transmitter;or being postnatally downregulated and thenreactivated
undercertainconditions,e.g.nerveinjury.Thus,ourviewhasadvancedfromthe
somewhatstereotypeviewthatthefunctionofatransmitterisjusttoallowaxon
potential ‘‘to jump’’ from one neuron to another via a chemical message. One
couldargue,letusonlycallsuchamolecule‘‘transmitter’’thatdoesexactlythat;
butinfacttherearehardlyanymessengerswithjustthatfunction:Evengluta-
mateexertstrophiceffectsandhasbothpre-andpostsynapticeffects,thatis,it
alsoactsasagrowthfactorandmodulator.Insummary,moleculesreleasedfrom
anerveendingmayhavemanydifferentfunctions.Ifso,wecannotinmanycases
speakaboutco-releaseoftransmittersinastrictsense.
1.3 Neurons Only Produce One Transmitter
MyupbringingintheAmineGroup–establishedin1962bythelateNils-A˚ ke
Hillarp(1916–1965)–intheDepartmentofHistologyatKarolinskaInstitutet,
taughtmethataneurononlyhasoneneurotransmitter.Thismyviewwasbased
on histochemical monoamine research, using the formaldehyde fluorescence
(Falck-Hillarp) method developed by Bengt Falck, Nils- A˚ ke Hillarp and
collaborators (Falck et al., 1962). With this technique, for the first time, a
transmittercouldbeidentifiedinanindividualneuron–ifonewants,thefirst
opportunity to approach the coexistence problem. The results clearly showed
that dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; sero-
tonin)and(later)adrenalineweresynthesizedindifferentsystemswiththeircell
bodiesdistinctlyseparatedalongthecaudo-cranialaxis(Dahlstro¨mandFuxe,
1964; Ho¨kfelt et al., 1974; Ho¨kfelt et al., 1984). Also, early ultrastructural
analyses,evenwhenusingthehighlysensitivepotassiumpermanganatefixation
(Richardson,1966),showedthatintheadultanimaltheperipheralnoradrener-
gicandcholinergicneuronsaretwoseparatepopulations.
Moreover,whenitbecamepossibletodemonstratethecellularlocalization
of the large population of inhibitory (cid:2)-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neurons,
firstwith3H-GABAandautoradiography(Ho¨kfeltandLjungdahl,1972a,b),
and subsequently with immunohistochemistry using antibodies either to the
GABA-synthesizingenzymeglutamatedecarboxylase(GAD)(Wuetal.,1973;
Saitoetal.,1974),ortoGABAitself(Storm-Mathisenetal.,1983),therewasno
obvious evidence for overlap and coexistence of GABA with the above-men-
tionedmonoamineneurotransmittersystems(cf.MugnainiandOertel,1985).