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Clinical Brain Mapping Notice Medicineisanever-changingscience.Asnewresearchandclinicalexperience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. 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This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs. Clinical Brain Mapping Daniel Yoshor, MD Associate Professor Department of Neurosurgery Baylor College of Medicine Chief of Neurosurgery St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital Houston, Texas Eli M. Mizrahi, MD Chair, Department of Neurology Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Chief of Neurophysiology St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital Houston, Texas NewYork Chicago SanFrancisco Lisbon London Madrid MexicoCity Milan NewDelhi SanJuan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Dedication Toourparents,ShulamitandJosephYoshor,andJuliaandIsaacD.Mizrahi,whoencouragedand sustainedus;andtoourpatientswhoinspireandteachus. v This page intentionally left blank Contents Contributors.................................................................................................................................ix Preface....................................................................................................................................xiii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... xv SECTION I: TECHNIQUES Chapter 1. Surface Anatomy as a Guide to Cerebral Function ...........................................................3 GarethAdams,JaredFridley,andDanielYoshor Chapter 2. Structural Imaging for Identification of Functional Brain Regions..........................................13 JeanC.TamrazandYoussefG.Comair Chapter 3. Functional MRI for Cerebral Localization: Principles and Methodology...................................31 MichaelS.Beauchamp Chapter 4. Functional MRI: Application to Clinical Practice in Surgical Planning and Intraoperative Guidance........................................................................................45 MichaelSchulderandRobinWellington Chapter 5. Neuropsychological Testing: Understanding Brain–behavior Relationships...............................55 MarioF.Dulay,CorwinBoake,DanielYoshor,andHarveyS.Levin Chapter 6. The Wada Test: Intracarotid Injection of Sodium Amobarbital to Evaluate Language and Memory.....................................................................................................79 BrianD.Bell,BruceP.Hermann,andPaulRutecki Chapter 7. Extraoperative Brain Mapping Using Chronically Implanted Subdural Electrodes........................93 DavidE.FriedmanandJamesJ.Riviello,Jr. Chapter 8. Brain Mapping in the Operating Room......................................................................103 SepehrSani,EdwardF.Chang,andNicholasM.Barbaro Chapter 9. Anesthesia for Brain Mapping Surgery.......................................................................109 NicholasP.Carling,ChrisD.Glover,DarynH.Moller,andIraJ.Rampil Chapter 10. Clinical Applications of Magnetoencephalography in Neurology and Neurosurgery...................119 PanagiotisG.Simos,EduardoM.Castillo,andAndrewC.Papanicolaou Chapter 11. Optical Spectroscopic Imaging of the Human Brain—Clinical Applications.............................131 HongtaoMa,MinahSuh,MingruiZhao,ChallonPerry,AndrewGeneslaw,andTheodoreH.Schwartz vii viii CONTENTS Chapter 12. Electrocorticographic Spectral Analysis......................................................................151 MackenzieC.CervenkaandNathanE.Crone Chapter 13. Pediatric Brain Mapping: Special Considerations ...........................................................167 RobertJ.Bollo,ChadCarlson,OrrinDevinsky,andHowardL.Weiner SECTION II: SYSTEMS Chapter 14. Mapping of the Sensorimotor Cortex.........................................................................189 RoukozChamoun,KrishnaSatyan,andYoussefG.Comair Chapter 15. Mapping of Human Language ................................................................................203 NitinTandon Chapter 16. Mapping of the Human Visual System.......................................................................219 MuhammadM.Abd-El-Barr,MarioF.Dulay,PaulRichard,WilliamH.Bosking,andDanielYoshor Chapter 17. Mapping of Hearing............................................................................................241 AlbertJ.FenoyandMatthewA.Howard Chapter 18. Mapping of Memory...........................................................................................269 JeffreyG.OjemannandRichardG.Ellenbogen Index......................................................................................................................................277 Contributors MuhammadM.Abd-El-Barr,MD,PhD NicholasP.Carling,MD Department of Neurosurgery Department of Pediatrics (Anesthesiology) University of Florida Texas Children’s Hospital Gainesville, Florida Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas GarethAdams,MD,PhD Department of Neurosurgery ChadCarlson,MD Baylor College of Medicine Comprehensive Epilepsy Center Houston, Texas Department of Neurology New York University School of Medicine NicholasM.Barbaro,MD New York, New York Department of Neurological Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine EduardoM.Castillo,PhD Indianapolis, Indiana Department of Pediatrics, Center for Clinical Neurosciences MichaelS.Beauchamp,PhD Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy University of Texas—Health Science Center at Houston University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Texas Houston, Texas MackenzieC.Cervenka,MD BrianD.Bell,PhD Department of Neurology Department of Neurology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Baltimore, Maryland Public Health Department of Neurology RoukozChamoun,MD W.S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Department of Neurosurgery Madison, Wisconsin Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas CorwinBoake,PhD Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation EdwardF.Chang,MD,PhD University of Texas Medical School Department of Neurological Surgery Houston, Texas University of California San Francisco, California RobertJ.Bollo,MD Department of Neurosurgery YoussefG.Comair,MD Baylor College of Medicine Department of Neurosurgery Neurosurgery Service American University of Beirut Texas Children’s Hospital Beirut, Lebanon Houston, Texas NathanE.Crone,MD WilliamH.Bosking,PhD Department of Neurology Max Planck Florida Institute The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Jupiter, Florida Baltimore, Maryland ix