Climate Change and Sustainable Development: New Challenges for Poverty Reduction

336 Pages·2009·2.1 MB·English

by  M. A. Mohamed Salih

Climate Change and Sustainable
Development
Liber Amicorum in Honour of J.B. (Hans) Opschoor
Climate Change
and Sustainable
Development
New Challenges for Poverty Reduction
Edited by
M.A. Mohamed Salih
Professor, Politics of Development, Institute of Social Studies,
The Hague and Department of Political Science, University of
Leiden, The Netherlands
Edward Elgar
Cheltenham, UK (cid:129) Northampton, MA, USA
© M.A. Mohamed Salih 2009
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior
permission of the publisher.
Published by
Edward Elgar Publishing Limited
The Lypiatts
15 Lansdown Road
Cheltenham
Glos GL50 2JA
UK
Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.
William Pratt House
9 Dewey Court
Northampton
Massachusetts 01060
USA
A catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009922772
ISBN 978 1 84844 409 6
Printed and bound by MPG Books Group, UK
Contents
List of fi gures vii
List of tables and box viii
List of contributors ix
Foreword Jacqueline Cramer, The Netherlands Minister for
Spatial Planning and the Environment xvii
Preface Louk Box, Rector, Institute of Social Studies,
The Netherlands xix
List of acronyms and abbreviations xxii
Introduction 1
M.A. Mohamed Salih
1. Polycentric systems as one approach to solving collective-
action problems 17
Elinor Ostrom
2. An ecosystems services approach: Income, inequality and
poverty 36
Kerry Turner and Brendan Fisher
3. Ecospace, humanspace and climate change 47
Ton Dietz
4. After us, the deluge? The position of future generations of
humankind in international environmental law 59
Nico Schrijver
5. A child rights perspective on climate change 79
Karin Arts
6. Climate change and development (cooperation) 94
Joyeeta Gupta
7. Environmental security, politics and markets 109
Bas de Gaay Fortman
8. Humans are the measure of all things: Resource confl icts
versus cooperation 126
Syed Mansoob Murshed
9. From climate refugees to climate confl ict: Who is taking the
heat for global warming? 142
Betsy Hartmann
v
vi Climate change and sustainable development
10. Rural poverty, cotton production and environmental
degradation in Central Eurasia 156
Max Spoor
11. Spatializing development and environmental discourses:
The case of sustainable development and globalization 179
Michael Bernard Kwesi Darkoh and Meleckidzedeck Khayesi
12. Digital dematerialization: Economic mechanisms behind the
net impact of ICT on materials use 192
Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh, Harmen Verbruggen and
Vincent G.M. Linderhof
13. Ecological cities, illustrated by Chinese examples 214
Meine Pieter van Dijk
14. Green or mean: Is biofuel production undermining food
security? 233
Rob Vos
Appendix 251
Bibliography 255
Index 303
Figures
2.1 The value of the world exports, gross world product and
USD 2/ day poverty line as indices (1990 5 100) 39
2.2 The mean incomes of the poorest 60 per cent of countries
and the richest 10 per cent for the years 1820 and 1992 41
2.3 A simplifi ed ESapp Framework starting at understanding
changes in the physical environment through to post-policy
appraisal 46
7.1 Environmental security strategies of two countries A and B 113
7.2 Achieving the sustainable energy goal 124
10.1 Poverty and vulnerability rates 158
10.2 Rural and national poverty (2003) 159
10.3 House connections to piped water (2002) 162
10.4 Under-5 mortality rate (1990–2003) 163
10.5 Child poverty (USD ,2.15) 165
10.6a Real GDP (1989–2006) 166
10.6b Real GDP (1989–2006) 166
10.7 Spatial diff erences in poverty incidence (1999–2003) 167
12.1 Micro level impact of ICT on materials use 209
13.1 A picture of the water cycle, showing where costs and
revenues can be expected 218
13.2 Water recycling in the Taiyue-Jinhe project 228
13.3 The wetland 229
14.1 Nominal and real world market price of agricultural food
products 234
14.2 Fuel ethanol prices in Brazil, United States and Europe
and international crude oil price, 2002–2007 237
vii
Tables and box
TABLES
6.1 Changing discourses in policy arenas 105
6.2 Major aid uses by individual DAC donors 106
8.1 Confl ict years, growth, polity and economic typology in
selected countries 138
10.1 Poverty incidence in the USSR 160
10.2 Agrarian profi le of CEA countries (2004) 161
10.3 Malnourishment in Central Eurasia, 1993–2004 (%) 163
10.4 Stunting (chronic malnutrition), 2000 (%) 164
10.5 Population aff ected by water and air pollution in
Uzbekistan (1998) 176
12.1 Typologies of ICT in the literature 195
12.2 Summary of the factor X debate 207
12.3 Typology of indirect impacts of ICT on material use 210
12.4 Economic analysis of ICT impacts on dematerialization 211
13.1 Space distribution in the considered housing project 227
13.2 Information on the wastewater treatment plant 228
13.3 Investment funding distribution (million yuan) 229
14.1 Global biofuels production by country, 2007 236
14.2 Most rural poor are not net sellers of tradable food staples 243
14.3 Impact on global poverty of surge in agricultural commodity
prices 246
BOX
13.1 Research under Switch by working package 6.4 219
viii
Contributors
Karin Arts (PhD in International Law, Vrije Universiteit, van
Amsterdam, The Netherlands) is Associate Professor in International
Law and Development at the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague,
The Netherlands. Her books include Integrating Human Rights into
Development Cooperation: The Case of the Lomé Convention (The Hague/
London/Boston: Kluwer Law International, 2000); European Development
Policy: From Model to Symbol? (edited with Anna Dickson, Manchester:
Manchester University Press, 2004); International Criminal Accountability
and the Rights of Children (edited with Vesselin Popovski, The Hague/
Cambridge: Hague Academic Press/Cambridge University Press, 2006);
International Law and the Question of Western Sahara (edited with Pedro
Pinto Leite, Leiden/Oporto: International Platform of Jurists for East
Timor, 2007).
Louk Box (PhD Columbia University, USA) is Professor of International
Cooperation and Rector at the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague
(Netherlands). He is Emeritus in the same chairs at Maastricht and Utrecht
Universities. He published with Rutger Engelhard Science and Technology
Policy for Development: Dialogues at the Interface (London: Anthem
Press, 2006) and more recently ‘Whither the “International Community”?
Grotius, Fukuyama and The Hague’, in D.Vriesendorp et al. The Hague
Legal Capital? (The Hague: Hague Academic Press, 2008). He succeeded
Hans Opschoor as Rector of the Institute (2005-2010) and shares with him
a preference for linking academic and policy work, capacity development
and public debate (spiced at times with a good dose of poetry).
Jacqueline Cramer (PhD Vrije Universiteit van Amsterdam, The
Netherlands). Currently, Professor Cramer is the Netherlands Minister
of the Environment and Spatial Planning in Prime Minister Jan Peter
Balkenende’s fourth government. Previously she held several pivotal
professorial appointments at the University of Amsterdam, University
of Tilburg, Erasmus University, as well as the University of Utrecht’s
Copernicus Institute, the Netherlands. Professor Cramer was a Crown-
appointed member of the Social and Economic Council, member of the
supervisory board of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the
University of Maastricht and Arnhem-Nijmegen University, the Council
ix