CliffsQuickReview Spanish II

258 Pages·2003·1.07 MB·English

by  Jill Rodriguez

CliffsQuickReview
Spanish II
By Jill Rodriguez
a587587 FM.qxd 2/12/03 8:39 AM Page viii
CliffsQuickReview
Spanish II
By Jill Rodriguez
a587587 FM.qxd 2/12/03 8:39 AM Page ii
About the Author Publisher’s Acknowledgments
Jill Rodriguez has been teaching Spanish, includ- Editorial
ing Advanced Placement Spanish, for fifteen years Project Editor: Suzanne Snyder
and has been named Teacher of the Year, Teacher Acquisitions Editor: Roxane Cerda
with the Greatest Impact, and Outstanding Edu- Copy Editor: Suzanna R. Thompson
cator during that time. Jill has received college Technical Editor: Elsa Pittman
board training for AP Spanish and has helped Editorial Assistant: Blair Pottenger
design the AP curricula. She is the author of Cliffs Production
QuickReview Spanish I and has organized numer- Indexer:Johnna VanHoose
ous educational tours of Spain and Mexico for Proofreader:Amy Adrian
many of her students. Wiley Publishing, Inc. Composition Services
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Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Why You Need This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
How to Use This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Visit Our Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter 1: Spelling andPronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Double consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Dictionary placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The letter c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The letter g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The letter j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The letter h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The letter d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The letter t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
The letters band v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Vowels and Dipthongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Models for vowel pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Vowel combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Consonants as vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Stress and Accentuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Chapter 2: Review of Sentence and Question Structure . . . . . . . . . . .11
Basic Sentence Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Subject Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Interrogative Pronouns (Question Words) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
“What” rule 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
“What” rule 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
“What” rule 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Creating and Answering Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Writing questions with question words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
How to use the right pronoun to answer a question . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Chapter 3: Review of the Present Tense Indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
YoIrregulars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
-oyverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
-goverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
-zcoverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Verbs ending in -geror -gir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Verand saber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Extra Y Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
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CliffsQuickReview Spanish II
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
e>iestem-changers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
o>uestem-changers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
e>istem-changers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
The Really Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Chapter 4: Review of the Past Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Regular Verbs in the Preterit Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Preterit Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Verbs that end in -car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Verbs that end in -gar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Verbs that end in -zar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
ito y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
-aror -erVerbs in the Preterit Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Stem-Changers in the Preterit Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Morphing Irregulars in the Preterit Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
u-stem verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
i-stem verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
j-stem verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
The Truly Irregular Verbs in the Preterit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Regular Verbs in the Imperfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
The Three Imperfect Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Chapter 5: New Verb Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
The Future Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Using the future tense in sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Regular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Irregular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
The Conditional Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Using the conditional tense in sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Regular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Irregular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Chapter 6: The Perfect Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
The Past Participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Regular past participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Irregular past participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
The Helping Verb Haber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Compound Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Present perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Past perfect (pluperfect) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Preterit perfect (past anterior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Future perfect (future anterior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Conditional perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
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Chapter 7: Subjunctive Mood I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
The Present Subjunctive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Creating present subjunctive verb forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Present subjunctive of -arverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Verbs that end in -car, -gar,and -zar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Present subjunctive of -erand -irverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
YoIrregulars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
-goverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
-zcoverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
-zoverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
-girverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
-guirverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
-uirverbs that add a y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Stem-Changers in the Present Subjunctive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Truly Irregular Verbs in the Present Subjunctive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Chapter 8: Subjunctive Mood II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
When to Use the Subjunctive Mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Subjunctive Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Wishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Emotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Impersonal expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Doubt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Conjunctions that determine mood
by the tense of the first clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Chapter 9: The Imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Affirmative TúCommands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Regular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Irregular affirmative túcommands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Command Forms Using the Subjunctive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Spelling changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Nosotros(“Let’s”) Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
VosotrosCommands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Using Pronouns with Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Chapter 10: Adjectives and Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Basic Review of Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Correct gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Using the plural forms of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Placement of adjectives in a sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Possessive Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
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Demonstrative Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Superlatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Chapter 11: Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Simple Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
The preposition a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
The preposition de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
The preposition en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
The preposition con. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Porand para . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Compound Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Idiomatic usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Verbs with prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Verbs Followed by Prepositions in English but Not in Spanish . . . . . 174
Use with infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Chapter 12: Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
Object Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Direct object pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Indirect object pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Reflexive Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Common reflexive verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Pronouns Used after a Preposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Demonstrative Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Possessive Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Pronoun Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Relative Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Chapter 13: Passive Voice, Conjunctions, and
More Sentence Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Using the Passive Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Passive voice created by serand a past participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Passive voice created by se . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Passive voice created by hay que . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Peroand mas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Sino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Oand y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Subordinate conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Correlative conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Negatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
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Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Cuáland qué . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Prepositions in questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Exclamations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Qué . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Cuánto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Cómo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Chapter 14: Past Subjunctive and Sequence of Tenses . . . . . . . . . . .215
Verb Rules for Forming the Past Subjunctive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Sequence of Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Subjunctive Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Ojalá . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Introductory clauses that show emotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
The Past Subjunctive Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
CQR Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
CQRResource Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
Appendix: Antonyms and Synonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235
Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Verbs and their opposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Nouns and their opposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Adjectives and their opposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
More useful words and their opposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Synonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Synonymous verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Synonymous nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
More important synonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
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