Cities of the World_Regional Patterns and Urban Environments PDF
Preview Cities of the World_Regional Patterns and Urban Environments
Cities of the World Regional Patterns and Urban Environments SEVENTH EDITION EDITED BY STANLEY D. BRUNN, DONALD J. ZEIGLER, MAUREEN HAYS-MITCHELL, JESSICA AND K.GRAYBILL Executive Editor: Susan McEachern Assistant Editor: Katelyn Turner Senior Marketing Manager: Jonathan Raeder Credits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources, and reproduced with permission, appear on the appropriate pages within the text. Published by Rowman & Littlefield An imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com 6 Tinworth Street, London SE11 5AL, United Kingdom Copyright © 2020 by The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. Third Edition 2003. Fourth Edition 2008. Fifth Edition 2011. Sixth Edition 2016. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Control Number: 2019957453 ISBN 978-1-5381-2634-9 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-5381-2635-6 (electronic) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992. Cities of the World, Seventh Edition, is dedicated to Stanley D. Brunn, geographer extraordinaire, who has richly earned the title Editor Emeritus for his imaginative leadership in launching the first edition of Cities of the World in 1982, for his friendship to the editors and authors of all editions, for his steady hand in guiding five revisions of the book, and for the inspiration he provided for this, the seventh edition. Contents List of Illustrations Preface 1 World Urban Development Jessica K. Graybill, Maureen Hays-Mitchell, and Donald J. Zeigler Key Urban Facts Key Chapter Themes The World Urban System: Prospects until 2050 World Urbanization: Past Trends Early Urbanization: Antiquity to Fifth Century CE The Middle Period: Fifth to Seventeenth Century CE Industrial and Postindustrial Urbanization: Eighteenth Century to the Present City Functions and Urban Economies City Functions Sectors of the Urban Economy Basic and Nonbasic Economic Activities Theories on the Spatial Structure of Cities The Concentric Zone Model The Sector Model The Multiple Nuclei Model The Inverse Concentric Zone Model Urban Challenges Managing the Environment and Climate Change Managing Population Size and Growth Managing Urban Services Managing Slums and Squatter Settlements Managing Society Managing Unemployment Managing Racial and Ethnic Issues Managing Privacy Managing Modernization and Globalization Managing Traffic Managing Urban Governance Concepts, Terms, and Definitions Capital City City Colonial City Conurbation Galactic Metropolis Hyperurbanization Industrial City Megacity Megalopolis Metacity Metropolis and Metropolitan Area New Town Preindustrial City Postindustrial City Primate City Rank-Size Rule Site and Situation Socialist and Postsocialist City Suburbia Sustainable City Urbanism Urbanization Urban Agglomeration Urban Area Urban Place Urban: Landscape World City Suggested Resources 2 Cities of the United States and Canada Nathaniel M. Lewis and Kai Kenttamaa-Squires Key Urban Facts Key Chapter Themes Historical Overview The Era of Colonial Mercantilism: 1700–1840 The Era of Industrial Capitalism: 1840–1970 The Era of Postindustrial Capitalism: 1975–Present Models of Urban Structure Distinctive Cities New York City: America’s Global Metropolis Los Angeles: Outward Glitz, Inner Turmoil Montreal: Moving Uphill from Upheaval Ottawa: A Capital of Compromise Washington, DC: A New Immigrant Gateway Miami: Window on the Caribbean Urban Problems and Prospects Globalization and the Urban Hierarchy Globalization and Localization Immigration and Increasing Diversity Women in the City Urban LGBTQ Communities Security and Urban Fortification Rebuilding and Memorialization Urban Environmental Issues Water Water Supply Water Quality Air Pollution Climate Change Conclusion Suggested Resources 3 Cities of Middle America Rebecca Clouser, Yadira Méndez-Lemus, and John C. Finn Key Urban Facts Key Chapter Themes Historical Evolution of Urban Development Mexico Central America The Caribbean Attempts to Model Middle American Cities Laws of the Indies The Griffin-Ford Model The Borsdorf, Bähr, and Janoschka Model Contemporary Urban Systems Urban Hierarchy Transnational Urbanization Economic Integration International Migration Tourism Distinctive Cities Mexico City: A Palimpsest Reflecting Four Centuries of History Oaxaca: Cultural Heritage and Tourism Panama City: Crossroads of the World Havana: The Key to the Indies Port-au-Prince: City of Survivors Urban Trends, Challenges, and Prospects Urban Economy Socio-Natural Hazards and Disasters Security and Violence Conclusion Suggested Resources 4 Cities of South America Brian J. Godfrey, Maureen Hays-Mitchell, and Risa Whitson Key Urban Facts Key Chapter Themes Urban Patterns and Trends in South America Critical Issues Urban Primacy, Regional Migration, and Uneven Development Socioeconomic Polarization, Spatial Segregation, and Informal Urbanization Economic Restructuring, Structural Adjustment, and Social Movements Environmental Change, Infrastructural Decline, and Sustainability Planning Historical Perspectives on South American Cities Pre-Columbian Urbanism Colonial Cities: Spanish versus Portuguese America Neocolonial Urbanization: Political Independence, Economic Dependence The Twentieth Century: The Urban Century The Twenty-First Century: New Directions? Urban Spatial Models Distinctive Cities Brazilian Urbanism: The Planned Capital and the Regional Megalopolis Rio de Janeiro: The “Wonderful City” and its Discontents São Paulo: A Global City with Growing Pains Lima: Hyperurbanization and Climate Change in Andean America Buenos Aires: Global City of the Southern Cone Urban Challenges and Prospects The Urban Economy and Social Justice Defensive Urbanism and Self-Help Housing Spatial Segregation, Land Use, and Environmental Injustices Prospects for the Future Suggested Resources 5 Cities of Europe Linda McCarthy, Joseph Brady, and Niamh Moore-Cherry Key Urban Facts Key Chapter Themes Historical Perspectives on Urban Development Classical Period: 800 BCE–450 CE Medieval Period: 450–1300 CE Renaissance and Baroque Periods: 1300–1760 CE Industrial Period: 1760–1945 CE Post–World War II Period Globalization, Urban Policy, and Planning European and Global Linkages Urban Policy and Planning Changing Urban Structure and Functions High Density and Compact Form Town Squares and Historic Street Patterns Bustling City Centers Major Landmarks Neighborhood Stability and Change Suburbanization Housing Urban Models The Core-Periphery Model The Northwestern European City Model The Mediterranean City Model Distinctive Cities London: Europe’s Premier Global City Paris: France’s Primate City Par Excellence Barcelona: Capital of Catalunya Oslo: Low-Key Capital of Norway Berlin: The Past Always Present in Germany’s Capital Bucharest: New Little Paris of the East? Urban Trends, Challenges, and Prospects Suggested Resources 6 Cities of Russia and Central Asia Jessica K. Graybill, Megan L. Dixon, and Elena Trubina Key Urban Facts Key Chapter Themes Historical Evolution of the Urban System The Pre-Soviet Period: Birth of the Urban System The Soviet Period: New Urban Patterns Urban and Regional Planning in the Soviet Period The Urban Environment in the Soviet Period Late Soviet Period: The Beginning of Change Contemporary Russia: Reconfiguring the Urban System Political Urban Transformation Changing Urban Structure and Function Sociocultural Urban Transformation Twenty-First Century Environmental Concerns
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