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Circadian Rhythms in the Central Nervous System PDF

271 Pages·1985·22.359 MB·English
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CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The foUowing titles related to the IUPHAR 9th International Congress of Pharmacology are published by The MacmiUan Press: Proceedings of the IUPHAR 9th International Congress of Pharmacology (3 volumes) Edited by Paul Turner et al. Satellite Symposia: Inflammatory Mediators Edited by G. Higgs and T. Williams Circadian Rhythms in the Central Nervous System Edited by P. Redfern et al. Purines: Pharmacology and Physiological Roles Edited by T. W. Stone Pharmacology ofA drenoceptors Edited by E. Szabadi et al. Dopaminergic Systems and their Regulation Edited by G. Woodruff et al. SATELLITE SYMPOSIA OF THE IUPHAR 9th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PHARMACOLOGY CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Edited by P .H. Redfern I.C. Campbell J.A. Davies K.F. Martin M MACMILLAN ©The Contributors 1985 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985 978-0-333-38760-3 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1985 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Circadian rhythms in the central nervous system. -(Satellite symposia of the IUPHAR 9th International Congress of Pharmacology) 1. Central nervous system 2. Circadian rhythms I. Redfern, P.H. II. International Congress of Pharmacology (9th : 1984 : University of Bath) III. Series 612'.82 QM451 ISBN 978-1-349-07839-4 ISBN 978-1-349-07837-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-07837-0 Contents The Participants vii Preface and Acknowledgements ix 1. Biochemical and Behavioural Studies of Melatonin J.A. Smith 2. The Pineal Hormone Melatonin in Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms J. Arendt 15 3. Structure and Neural Connections of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus F.-H. Guldner 29 4. Functional Significance of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus W.J. Rietveld 45 5. Circadian Adrenocortical Cycle and the Central Nervous System F. Halberg, S. Sanchez de Ia Pefta and G. Cornelissen 57 6. In Vivo Diurnal Variations of 5HT Release in Hypothalamic Nuclei K.F. Martin and C.A. Marsden 81 7. Circadian Studies of Neurotransmitter Receptors /.C. Campbell, A. Wirz-Justice, K. Kriiuchi, R.M. McKernan and M.J. Durcan 95 8. Pharmacological Manipulation of Biochemically Measured Rhythms in the Mammalian Central Nervous System C.J. Fowler, H. Hall, J. Siiiif, A.-L. Ask and S.B. Ross 111 9. Circadian Feeding Rhythms: Central Mechanisms and Methamphetamine Modulation A. Wirz-Justice, K. Kraeuchi, T. Morimasa and W. Rietveld 123 10. Circadian Rhythms of the Retina and their Pharmacological Modulation C. Reme and A. Wirz-Justice 135 11. The Desynchronisation of Rhythms and its Implications for Internal Clocks S. Folkard, D.S. MinorsandJ.M. Waterhouse 147 12. Circadian Rhythms in Clinical Perspective C. Thompson 163 13. Circa-tidal Pacemakers in the Nervous System of an Amphipod E. Morgan, G.J. Harris and W.F. Holmstrom 177 14. A Preliminary Investigation of Daily Changes in Central Excitatory State in Drosophila and Possible Links with SHT Metabolism A.B. Bonner and K.F. Armstrong 181 15. Influence of Circadian Rhythms on Head-twitch Response to SHT Receptor Stimulation in Mice P.H. Redfern and P. C. Moser 187 v vi CONTENTS 16. 24-hour Variation in Synaptosomal Tryptophan-5-Hydroxylase Activity in the Rat Brain P.H. Redfern and K. Sinei 193 17. Developmental, Circadian and Aging Aspects of Dopamine, Norepinephrine and 5-HT in Rat Brain Regions E. Radha, K. Shankaraiah, F. Halberg and D. Bhaskaran 199 18. The Modification of Mouse Brain Biochemistry and Wheel Running Activity Throughout the Light Period A.J. Bradbury, R.E. Giddins andJ.A. Smith 211 19. The Effects of Continuous Clonidine Infusion on the Circadian Rhythms of Arterial Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto Rats S.J. Lewis and B. Jarratt 213 20. Circadian Rhythm Modulation of Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity B. Mckinney, B. Evans, A. Yonovitz and M. Smolensky 217 21. Ultradian Rhythms in Auditory Reaction Time C. Stampi and L. Stegagno 221 22. 24-hour Secretory Pattern of ACTH and 13-Endorphin in Episodic Cluster Headache G. Micieli, G. Bono, F. Facchinetti, E. Martignoni, G. Sances, C. Cicoli, A.R. Genazzani and G. Nappi 225 23. Ultrashort Sleep-Wake Cycles During Single-handed Transatlantic Races C. Stampi 229 24. Circadian Core Body Temperature, Psychomotor Performance and Subjective Ratings of Fatigue in Morning and Evening 'Types' K. Stephan and R. Dorow 233 25. Psychoendocrine Circadian Network of Seven Hormones, Age and Reproductive Stage of Women H. W. Wendt, F. Halberg, G. Cornelissen, D. Lakatua, E. Haus, K. Uezono and T. Kawasaki 237 26. Circadian Abnormalities in Platelet 5-HT Reuptake in Depression D. Healy, P.A. Carney and B.E. Leonard 249 27. Effects of Desipramine on Melatonin and Cortisol in Normal and Depressed Subjects S.A. Checkley, C. Thompson, C. Franey and J. Arendt 253 28. A Microcomputer System for Long-term Monitoring and Analysis of Locomotor Activity R. W. Marshall, M.G. Sparks andJ.A. Davies 263 The Participants J. Arendt, F.-H. Giildner, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Anatomy, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, University of Surrey, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Guildford, UK E. Halberg, C.Beedham, Chronobiology Laboratories, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Bradford University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Bradford, UK F. Halberg, A.B. Bonner, Chronobiology Laboratories, Behavioural Biology Unit, Roehampton University of Minnesota, Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA London, UK D. Healy, I.e. Campbell, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry, University College, London, UK Galway, Ireland J.A. Davies, L. Herrmann, Department of Pharmacology and Aktiebolaget Leo, Therapeutics, Helsingborg, Sweden Welsh National School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK B.Jarrott, Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental C. Ehret, Therapeutics Unit, Division of Biological and Medical Austin Hospital, Research, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA D. Lagarde, CERMA, H.V. Fisch, Paris, France Psychiatrische Universitats, Poliklinik, T .D. Leeman, Bern, Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland S. Folkard, MRC Perceptual and Cognitive K.F. Martin, Performance Unit, Department of Physiology and University of Sussex, Pharmacology, Brighton, UK Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, C.J. Fowler, University of Nottingham, Research and Development Laboratories, Nottingham, UK ASTRA Uikemedal AB, Sodertalje, Sweden vii viii THE PARTICIPANTS G. Micieli, P.Schulz, Clinica Neurologica, Clinique Bel-Air, Universita di Pavia, Geneva, Switzerland Pavia, Italy J.A. Smith, E. Morgan, Postgraduate School of Studies Department of Zoology, in Chemistry. University of Birmingham, University of Bradford, Birmingham, UK Bradford, UK B. Mckinney, C.Stampi, Speech and Hearing Institute, lnstituto di Clinica Neurologica, The University of Texas, Universita di Bologna, Houston, Texas, USA Bologna, Italy A. Nicholson, K. Stephan, RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine, Schering AG, Farnborough, UK Berlin, W. Germany P.H. Redfern, C. Thompson, Pharmacology Group, Institute of Psychiatry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, London, UK University of Bath, Bath, UK F. Welbers, Boehringer Ingelheim, C.Reme, lngelheim, W. Germany Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Universitatsspital, M. Whitford, Zurich, Switzerland E. Merck Ltd, Alton, UK V.Reny, INSERM, A. Wirz-Justice, Paris, France University Psychiatric Clinic, Basel, Switzerland W.J. Rietveld, Department of Physiology, A. Yonowitz, Division of Chronobiology, Speech and Hearing Institute, University of Leiden, The UniversityofTexas, Leiden, The Netherlands Houston, Texas, USA Preface and Acknowledgements This volume contains the proceedings of a symposium held in August 1984 at the University of Bath. The symposium, entitled Circadian Rhythms in the Central Nervous System, was an official satellite meeting of the IUPHAR 9th International Congress of Pharmacology, but in the event, attracted participants from a wider field. In consequence, the meeting benefited from a lively interaction between physiologists, pharmacologists, anatomists, endocrinologists and clinicians. The last few years have been an exciting time for those interested in circadian rhythms in the nervous system. Discoveries of the location and function of central oscillators and of interactions between circadian rhythms in the CNS and endocrine tissues have been accompanied by a growing awareness of the important influence of circadian rhythms on behaviour, and their possible role in the aetiology of psychiatric illness. We hope this volume provides an accurate summary of progress in these areas. The contents fall into two sections. Chapters 1 to 12 are contributions from speakers who were asked to provide reviews of specific parts of the subject, starting with the pineal gland and ending with an examination of the importance of circadian rhythms in human behaviour. Chapters 13 to 28 reflect the individual research interests of the other participants. This section is therefore less structured, but indicates clearly the range of topics relating to rhythms in the nervous system: from the control of tidal rhythms in an estuarine amphipod to ultradian sleep-wake cycles in single-handed transatlantic races; from 5HT metabolism in Drosophila to circadian abnormalities in 5HT uptake in depression. An abbreviated record of the discussions which followed many of the invited papers is also included. For reasons of space, extensive editing of this has been necessary. However, we hope that as well as providing factual information, some of the flavour of the informal atmosphere of the meeting remains. In addition to thanking all the participants for their contributions to the success of the meeting, we also wish to record our gratitude to the following companies who provided support: Astra Pharmaceuticals Boots Pure Drug Company E. Merck P.H.R. I. C. C. J.A.D. K.F.M. ix

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