Circadian Rhythms in the Central Nervous System

271 Pages·1985·22.359 MB·English

by  P. H. Redfern, I. C. Campbell, J. A. Davies, K. F. Martin (eds.)

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The foUowing titles related to the IUPHAR 9th International Congress of
Pharmacology are published by The MacmiUan Press:
Proceedings of the IUPHAR 9th International Congress of Pharmacology
(3 volumes) Edited by Paul Turner et al.
Satellite Symposia:
Inflammatory Mediators Edited by G. Higgs and T. Williams
Circadian Rhythms in the Central Nervous System Edited by P. Redfern et al.
Purines: Pharmacology and Physiological Roles Edited by T. W. Stone
Pharmacology ofA drenoceptors Edited by E. Szabadi et al.
Dopaminergic Systems and their Regulation Edited by G. Woodruff et al.
SATELLITE SYMPOSIA OF THE IUPHAR 9th INTERNATIONAL
CONGRESS OF PHARMACOLOGY
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Edited by
P .H. Redfern
I.C. Campbell
J.A. Davies
K.F. Martin
M
MACMILLAN
©The Contributors 1985
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985 978-0-333-38760-3
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may
be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save
with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act
1956 (as amended).
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be
liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
First published 1985
Published by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Circadian rhythms in the central nervous system.
-(Satellite symposia of the IUPHAR 9th International Congress
of Pharmacology)
1. Central nervous system 2. Circadian rhythms
I. Redfern, P.H. II. International Congress of Pharmacology
(9th : 1984 : University of Bath) III. Series
612'.82 QM451
ISBN 978-1-349-07839-4 ISBN 978-1-349-07837-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-07837-0
Contents
The Participants vii
Preface and Acknowledgements ix
1. Biochemical and Behavioural Studies of Melatonin J.A. Smith
2. The Pineal Hormone Melatonin in Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms
J. Arendt 15
3. Structure and Neural Connections of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
F.-H. Guldner 29
4. Functional Significance of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus W.J. Rietveld 45
5. Circadian Adrenocortical Cycle and the Central Nervous System
F. Halberg, S. Sanchez de Ia Pefta and G. Cornelissen 57
6. In Vivo Diurnal Variations of 5HT Release in Hypothalamic Nuclei
K.F. Martin and C.A. Marsden 81
7. Circadian Studies of Neurotransmitter Receptors /.C. Campbell,
A. Wirz-Justice, K. Kriiuchi, R.M. McKernan and M.J. Durcan 95
8. Pharmacological Manipulation of Biochemically Measured Rhythms in
the Mammalian Central Nervous System C.J. Fowler, H. Hall, J. Siiiif,
A.-L. Ask and S.B. Ross 111
9. Circadian Feeding Rhythms: Central Mechanisms and
Methamphetamine Modulation A. Wirz-Justice, K. Kraeuchi,
T. Morimasa and W. Rietveld 123
10. Circadian Rhythms of the Retina and their Pharmacological Modulation
C. Reme and A. Wirz-Justice 135
11. The Desynchronisation of Rhythms and its Implications for Internal
Clocks S. Folkard, D.S. MinorsandJ.M. Waterhouse 147
12. Circadian Rhythms in Clinical Perspective C. Thompson 163
13. Circa-tidal Pacemakers in the Nervous System of an Amphipod
E. Morgan, G.J. Harris and W.F. Holmstrom 177
14. A Preliminary Investigation of Daily Changes in Central Excitatory
State in Drosophila and Possible Links with SHT Metabolism
A.B. Bonner and K.F. Armstrong 181
15. Influence of Circadian Rhythms on Head-twitch Response to SHT
Receptor Stimulation in Mice P.H. Redfern and P. C. Moser 187
v
vi CONTENTS
16. 24-hour Variation in Synaptosomal Tryptophan-5-Hydroxylase Activity
in the Rat Brain P.H. Redfern and K. Sinei 193
17. Developmental, Circadian and Aging Aspects of Dopamine,
Norepinephrine and 5-HT in Rat Brain Regions E. Radha,
K. Shankaraiah, F. Halberg and D. Bhaskaran 199
18. The Modification of Mouse Brain Biochemistry and Wheel Running
Activity Throughout the Light Period A.J. Bradbury, R.E. Giddins
andJ.A. Smith 211
19. The Effects of Continuous Clonidine Infusion on the Circadian
Rhythms of Arterial Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Spontaneous
Locomotor Activity in Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto Rats S.J. Lewis
and B. Jarratt 213
20. Circadian Rhythm Modulation of Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity
B. Mckinney, B. Evans, A. Yonovitz and M. Smolensky 217
21. Ultradian Rhythms in Auditory Reaction Time C. Stampi and
L. Stegagno 221
22. 24-hour Secretory Pattern of ACTH and 13-Endorphin in Episodic
Cluster Headache G. Micieli, G. Bono, F. Facchinetti, E. Martignoni,
G. Sances, C. Cicoli, A.R. Genazzani and G. Nappi 225
23. Ultrashort Sleep-Wake Cycles During Single-handed Transatlantic
Races C. Stampi 229
24. Circadian Core Body Temperature, Psychomotor Performance and
Subjective Ratings of Fatigue in Morning and Evening 'Types'
K. Stephan and R. Dorow 233
25. Psychoendocrine Circadian Network of Seven Hormones, Age and
Reproductive Stage of Women H. W. Wendt, F. Halberg,
G. Cornelissen, D. Lakatua, E. Haus, K. Uezono and T. Kawasaki 237
26. Circadian Abnormalities in Platelet 5-HT Reuptake in Depression
D. Healy, P.A. Carney and B.E. Leonard 249
27. Effects of Desipramine on Melatonin and Cortisol in Normal and
Depressed Subjects S.A. Checkley, C. Thompson, C. Franey and
J. Arendt 253
28. A Microcomputer System for Long-term Monitoring and Analysis of
Locomotor Activity R. W. Marshall, M.G. Sparks andJ.A. Davies 263
The Participants
J. Arendt, F.-H. Giildner,
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Anatomy,
Department of Biochemistry, Monash University,
University of Surrey, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Guildford, UK
E. Halberg,
C.Beedham, Chronobiology Laboratories,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Minnesota,
Bradford University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Bradford, UK
F. Halberg,
A.B. Bonner, Chronobiology Laboratories,
Behavioural Biology Unit, Roehampton University of Minnesota,
Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
London, UK
D. Healy,
I.e.
Campbell, Department of Pharmacology,
Institute of Psychiatry, University College,
London, UK Galway, Ireland
J.A. Davies, L. Herrmann,
Department of Pharmacology and Aktiebolaget Leo,
Therapeutics, Helsingborg, Sweden
Welsh National School of Medicine,
Cardiff, UK B.Jarrott,
Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental
C. Ehret, Therapeutics Unit,
Division of Biological and Medical Austin Hospital,
Research, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne, Illinois, USA D. Lagarde,
CERMA,
H.V. Fisch, Paris, France
Psychiatrische Universitats,
Poliklinik, T .D. Leeman,
Bern, Switzerland Geneva,
Switzerland
S. Folkard,
MRC Perceptual and Cognitive K.F. Martin,
Performance Unit, Department of Physiology and
University of Sussex, Pharmacology,
Brighton, UK Medical School,
Queen's Medical Centre,
C.J. Fowler, University of Nottingham,
Research and Development Laboratories, Nottingham, UK
ASTRA Uikemedal AB,
Sodertalje, Sweden
vii
viii THE PARTICIPANTS
G. Micieli, P.Schulz,
Clinica Neurologica, Clinique Bel-Air,
Universita di Pavia, Geneva, Switzerland
Pavia, Italy
J.A. Smith,
E. Morgan, Postgraduate School of Studies
Department of Zoology, in Chemistry.
University of Birmingham, University of Bradford,
Birmingham, UK Bradford, UK
B. Mckinney, C.Stampi,
Speech and Hearing Institute, lnstituto di Clinica Neurologica,
The University of Texas, Universita di Bologna,
Houston, Texas, USA Bologna, Italy
A. Nicholson, K. Stephan,
RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine, Schering AG,
Farnborough, UK Berlin, W. Germany
P.H. Redfern, C. Thompson,
Pharmacology Group, Institute of Psychiatry,
School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, London, UK
University of Bath,
Bath, UK F. Welbers,
Boehringer Ingelheim,
C.Reme, lngelheim, W. Germany
Laboratory of Electron Microscopy,
Universitatsspital, M. Whitford,
Zurich, Switzerland E. Merck Ltd,
Alton, UK
V.Reny,
INSERM, A. Wirz-Justice,
Paris, France University Psychiatric Clinic,
Basel, Switzerland
W.J. Rietveld,
Department of Physiology, A. Yonowitz,
Division of Chronobiology, Speech and Hearing Institute,
University of Leiden, The UniversityofTexas,
Leiden, The Netherlands Houston, Texas, USA
Preface and Acknowledgements
This volume contains the proceedings of a symposium held in August 1984 at the
University of Bath. The symposium, entitled Circadian Rhythms in the Central Nervous
System, was an official satellite meeting of the IUPHAR 9th International Congress of
Pharmacology, but in the event, attracted participants from a wider field. In consequence,
the meeting benefited from a lively interaction between physiologists, pharmacologists,
anatomists, endocrinologists and clinicians.
The last few years have been an exciting time for those interested in circadian rhythms
in the nervous system. Discoveries of the location and function of central oscillators and
of interactions between circadian rhythms in the CNS and endocrine tissues have been
accompanied by a growing awareness of the important influence of circadian rhythms on
behaviour, and their possible role in the aetiology of psychiatric illness.
We hope this volume provides an accurate summary of progress in these areas. The
contents fall into two sections. Chapters 1 to 12 are contributions from speakers who were
asked to provide reviews of specific parts of the subject, starting with the pineal gland and
ending with an examination of the importance of circadian rhythms in human behaviour.
Chapters 13 to 28 reflect the individual research interests of the other participants. This
section is therefore less structured, but indicates clearly the range of topics relating to
rhythms in the nervous system: from the control of tidal rhythms in an estuarine
amphipod to ultradian sleep-wake cycles in single-handed transatlantic races; from 5HT
metabolism in Drosophila to circadian abnormalities in 5HT uptake in depression. An
abbreviated record of the discussions which followed many of the invited papers is also
included. For reasons of space, extensive editing of this has been necessary. However, we
hope that as well as providing factual information, some of the flavour of the informal
atmosphere of the meeting remains.
In addition to thanking all the participants for their contributions to the success of the
meeting, we also wish to record our gratitude to the following companies who provided
support:
Astra Pharmaceuticals
Boots Pure Drug Company
E. Merck
P.H.R.
I. C. C.
J.A.D.
K.F.M.
ix