Ciba Foundation Symposium 155 - Myopia and the Control of Eye Growth

265 Pages·16.652 MB·English

MYOPIA AND THE
CONTROL OF EYE
GROWTH
The Ciba Foundation is an international scientific and educational
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Ciba Foundation Symposium 155
MYOPIA AND
THE CONTROL
OF EYE GROWTH
A Wiley-Interscience Publication
1990
JOHN WILEY & SONS
Chichester . New York . Brisbane . Toronto . Singapore
OCiba Foundation 1990
Published in 1990 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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West Sussex PO19 IUD, England
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Suggested series entry for library catalogues:
Ciba Foundation Symposia
Ciba Foundation Symposium
+ 155
ix 256 pages, 47 figures, 9 tables
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Myopia and the control of eye growth.
p. cm.-(Ciba Foundation symposium; 155)
Proceedings of the Symposium on Myopia and the Control of Eye
Growth, held at the Ciba Foundation, London 20-22 March 1990.
‘A Wiley-Interscience publication.’
Editors, Gregory Bock (organizer) and Kate Widdows.
Includes bibliographical references.
Includes index.
ISBN 0 471 92692 2
1. Myopia-Congresses. 2. Eye-Growth-Regulation-Congresses.
I. Bock, Gregory, 11. Widdows, Kate. 111. Symposium on Myopia and
the Control of Eye Growth (1990: Ciba Foundation) IV. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Disease Models, Animal-congresses. 2. Eye-growth &
development-congresses. 3. Myopia-congresses. W3 C161F v. 1551
WW 320 M9967 19901
RE938.M96 1990
612.7’55-dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 90-13012
CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Myopia and the control of eye growth.
1. Man. Eyes. Myopia
1. Bock, Gregory 11. Widdows, Kate 111. Series
617.755
ISBN 0 471 92692 2
Phototypeset by Dobbie Typesetting Service, Tavistock, Devon.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd., Guildford.
Contents
Symposium on Myopia and the Control of Eye Growth, held at the Ciba
Foundation, London 20-22 March 1990
The original suggestion for this symposium came from Professor William
Hodos, University of Maryland, USA and Dr David Ehrlich, Monash
University, Metbourne, Australia
Editors: Gregory R. Bock (Organizer) and Kate Widdows
J. Wallman Introduction 1
V. H. Perry, L. C. L. Silveira and A. Cowey Pathways mediating
resolution in the primate retina 5
Discussion 14
E. Raviola and T. N. Wiesel Neural control of eye growth and
experimental myopia in primates 22
Discussion 39
R. A. Stone, T. Lin, P. M. Iuvone and A. M. Laties Postnatal control
of ocular growth: dopaminergic mechanisms 45
Discussion 57
D. Ehrlich, J. Sattayasai, J. Zappia and Barrington Effects of
M.
selective neurotoxins on eye growth in the young chick 63
Discussion 84
D. Troilo Experimental studies of emmetropization in the chick 89
Discussion 102
G. W. H. M. van Alphen Emmetropization in the primate eye 115
Discussion 120
J. Wallman Retinal influences on sclera underlie visual deprivation
myopia 126
Discussion 13 5
V
vi Contents
General discussion I Stretch or growth? 142
Emmetropization or normal growth? 144
W. Hodos Avian models of experimental myopia: environmental factors
in the regulation of eye growth 149
Discussion 156
J. G. Sivak, D. L. Barrie, M. G. Callender, M. J. Doughty, R. L. Seltner
and J. A. West Optical causes of experimental myopia 160
Discussion 172
T. T. Norton Experimental myopia in tree shrews 178
Discussion 194
General discussion I1 Effect of ablation of the fundus 200
What are the signals for defocus? 201
Light rhythm and eye growth 205
B.-Z. Silverstone Effects of zinc and copper metabolism in highly myopic
patients 210
Discussion 2 17
E. Goldschmidt Myopia in humans: can progression be arrested? 222
Discussion 229
Final general discussion Axial or equatorial enlargement? 235
Future studies 238
J. Wallman Summing-up 243
Index of contributors 246
Subject index 248
Participants
D. C. Beebe Department of Anatomy, Uniformed Services University
Health Center, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
C. Blakemore University Laboratory of Physiology, University of
Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
M. A. Bullimore School of Optometry, University of California,
Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
B. J. Curtin Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University of
Physicians & Surgeons, Myopia Clinic, Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat
Hospital, 133 E 58th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA
D. Ehrlich Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Wellington
Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3 168, Australia
M. Glickstein Neuroscience & Behaviour Group, Department of Anatomy
& Developmental Biology, University College, 3 Malet Place, London
WClE 7JG, UK
E. Goldschmidt Eye Department-0-0821, Danish Institute for Myopia
Research, Centralsygehuset Hiller@d,H elsevej 2, DK-3400 Hiller@d,D enmark
W. Hodos Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College
Park, MD 20742-4411 , USA
A. L. Holden Department of Visual Sciences, Institute of
Ophthalmology, Judd Street, London WClH 9QS, UK
S. J. Judge University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford,
Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
A. M. Laties Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania
School of Medicine, Scheie Eye Institute, D603 Richards Building, 36th
Street & Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6075, USA
vi i
Vlli Participants
J. K. Lauber Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, CW 312
Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
G. R. Martin School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham,
PO Box 363, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
T. T. Norton Vision Science Research Center, Department of
Physiological Optics, School of Optometry/The Medical Center,
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Worrell Building, 924 South 18th
Street, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
V. H. Perry Department of Experimental Psychology, University of
Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
J. D. Pettigrew Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, The
University of Queensland, Vision, Touch & Hearing Research Centre, St
Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
E. Raviola Department of Anatomy & Cellular Biology, Harvard
University Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 021 15,
USA
A. M. Sillito Department of Visual Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology,
Judd Street, London WClH 9QS, UK
B.-Z. Silverstone Department of Ophthalmology, Shaare Zedek Medical
Center, PO Box 3235, Jerusalem 91002, Israel
J. G. Sivak School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
R. A. Stone Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School
of Medicine, Scheie Eye Institute, D603 Richards Building, 36th Street
& Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6075, USA
D. Troilo University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford,
Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
G. W. H. M. van Alphen 239 Bld du Mont Boron, F-06300 Nice, France
R. J. Waldbillig Retinal Cell & Molecular Biology Laboratory, National
Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 6A, Room BlAl 1,
Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Participants IX
J. Wallman (Chairman) Department of Biology, City College, City
University of New York, 138th Street & Convent Avenue, New York,
NY 10031, USA
C. F. Wildsoet (Ciba Foundation Bursar) Department of Optometry,
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 40001, Australia
Novartis Foundation Symposium
Edited by Gregory R. Bock, Kate Widdows
Copyright 0 1990 by Ciba Foundation
Introduction
Josh Wallman
Department of Biology, City College, City University of New York, 138th Street & Convent
Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
I would like to make a few comments about the two subjects of the meeting,
myopia and control of normal eye growth, and to speculate on what their
relationship might be.
With respect to myopia, an underlying question is: how many myopias are
there? Is the myopia normally seen in the clinic similar in all ways to the visual
deprivation-induced myopia that many of us have been studying? Does the
mechanism of deprivation myopia itself differ between species? There are many
questions as to the mechanism of these myopias, and we can address these
questions at three levels. (1) At the level of the retina: what visual stimuli or
the lack of what visual stimuli provoke myopia? What type of retinal neurons
are involved-ganglion cells, amacrine cells or photoreceptors? What humoral
agents, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and neuromodulators do those neurons
produce and what is the normal function of the neuronal circuits that are
disturbed in myopia? (2) We should also consider possible mediating
mechanisms, such as accommodation, humoral factors perhaps secreted by the
retina that affect other parts of the eye, or mechanical or thermal effects or
changes in the choroid or pigment epithelium that might alter the mechanical
properties of the eye. (3) We also need to determine the end effect of the
mechanisms that cause myopia. Does the eye elongate because of some kind
of expansion, because of increased intraocular pressure, increased tension on
the sclera, or because of weakening of the sclera? If any of these processes are
involved, what is their biochemical basis? Are there changes in the composition
or organization of the extracellular matrix? An alternative to the idea of passive
expansion is the idea that there is active growth of the sclera. If this occurs,
is there an oriented growth of parts of the sclera, so that growth in one particular
region could change the overall shape of the eye, or is there simply more growth
in affected regions? At the cellular level, is the growth due to hyperplasia or
is there an increase in the production of extracellular matrix? I think none of
us are too comfortable with the current answers to any of these questions, so
I hope some of these issues will become clearer during this meeting.
When we discuss normal eye growth in the context of this symposium we
are not so much concerned with what makes the eye get larger iq general, or
what makes it shaped the way it is, but rather we are concerned with what
1